Pulping Liquors and Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to the generation of bio-products from organic matter feedstocks. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of pulping liquors in the hydrothermal/thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic and/or fossilised organic feedstocks into biofuels (e.g. bio-oils) and/or chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/558,934, filed Sep. 3, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/486,785, filed Apr. 13, 2017, which is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT /AU2015/000617, filed on Oct. 15, 2015, designating the United States of America, which derives priority from Australian provisional patent application number 2014904129, filed on Oct. 15, 2014. Each of the above-referenced applications is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to the generation of bio-products from organic matter feedstocks. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of pulping liquors in the hydrothermal/thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic and/or fossilised organic feedstocks into biofuels (e.g. bio-oils) and/or chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals).

BACKGROUND

The global demand for energy continues to rise while reserves of conventional petroleum (e.g. oil, gas, and natural gas liquids) are in decline. This has led to increased focus and research into unconventional fuel resources (e.g. heavy oil, oil sands, oil shale) and other non-fossil sources of energy (e.g. lignocellulosic materials).

A significant amount of research in the field of “alternative” energy production has focussed on the generation of biofuels from lignocellulosic matter. This technology raises the prospect of a shift to an abundant and renewable feedstock for energy production as an alternative to the depleting reserves of hydrocarbon-based raw materials. The enrichment of low energy density fossil fuels (e.g. lignite, peat and oil shale) into high energy fuel products also represents an attractive alternative given the relative abundance of those resources.

In particular, the thermochemical conversion of biomass and other complex organic matter into biofuels and chemicals based on hydrothermal reactions has shown significant promise. Gasification processes are generally conducted at higher temperatures (e.g. 400° C.-700° C.) and can produce methane or hydrogen gases in high yields. Liquefaction processes are generally conducted at lower temperatures (e.g. 200° C-400° C.) and produce liquid products referred to in the field as “bio-oil” or “bio-crude”. To provide a viable replacement or supplement to existing fossil fuels, bio-oils generated from these and related technologies need characteristics (e.g. high energy/yield, low oxygen/water content, reduced viscosity) approximating those of crude oils. Additionally, it is highly important for processes of this nature to be cost-efficient for economic feasibility.

Numerous modifications to improve thermochemical processes for bio-oil production have been developed. For example, the prior removal of hemicellulose under mild conditions from plant materials can improve the production of bio-oils from lignocellulosic feedstocks (see PCT publication No. WO 2010/037178). It has also been demonstrated that rather than gradually heating feedstock slurry to reaction temperature, contacting the slurry with an already supercritical solvent can provide advantageous effects in bio-oil production (see PCT publication No. WO 2012/000033). Incorporating oil into a feedstock slurry, which may also be a recycled bio-oil product, has been shown to improve process efficiency and product characteristics (see PCT publication No. WO 2012/092644). The inclusion of a solid substrate in organic matter feedstock used in thermochemical conversion processes has been shown to reduce scaling and/or reduce the development of pressure differentials during treatment (see PCT application No. PCT/AU2014/00601). Despite these advances, new modifications to thermochemical processes capable of increasing process efficiency, lowering costs and/or improving product characteristics are still desirable.

Many if not most processes for the thermochemical conversion of biomass into biofuels utilise catalysts to increase process efficiency and/or improve product characteristics. A wide range of catalysts have been used in these processes (see, for example, PCT publication No. WO 2011/123897) and the identification of appropriate catalyst combinations and/or alternative sources of catalysts provides an opportunity to improve existing bio-oil production methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have unexpectedly identified that pulping liquors such as black liquor can be used as an effective source of catalysts to facilitate the efficient thermochemical conversion of biomass into biofuels. In view of its organic content (e.g. cellulosic matter) pulping liquors also provide a source of additional feedstock material capable of conversion into bio-products, which can in turn provide a cost benefit by reducing the amount of feedstock material required.

In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing a bio-product from organic matter feedstock, the method comprising:

providing a reaction mixture comprising the organic matter feedstock, a solvent, and pulping liquor;

treating the reaction mixture in a reactor vessel at a reaction temperature and pressure suitable for conversion of all or a portion of the organic matter feedstock into a product mixture comprising the bio-product; and

depressurising and cooling the product mixture;

wherein the reaction mixture and product mixture move in continuous flow through reactor vessel during said treating.

In one embodiment, the organic matter feedstock is lignocellulosic feedstock.

In one embodiment, the organic matter feedstock is coal feedstock (e.g. lignite feedstock).

In one embodiment, the organic matter feedstock and the pulping liquor are both black liquor.

In one embodiment, the pulping liquor is black liquor and the organic matter feedstock is not a pulping liquor.

In one embodiment, the organic matter feedstock and the pulping liquor both comprise or consist of black pulping liquor (black liquor).

In one embodiment, the pulping liquor comprises or consists of black liquor and the organic matter feedstock does not comprise or consist of pulping liquor.

In one embodiment, the pulping liquor is black liquor.

The black liquor may have been separated from pulp following a chemical pulping process in which a wood feedstock has been digested with pulping chemicals under heat and pressure.

The black liquor may comprise between about 2.5 and 7.0 weight % sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on dry black liquor solids (DBLS), between about 0.06 and 3.0 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 4.5 and about 16.0 wt. % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 0.5 g/l and about 5 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 1.9 and about 16.6 wt. % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), between about 2.4 and about 7.5 wt. % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and between about 50 and about 70 wt. % organic solids on dry black liquor solids.

The black liquor may comprise between about 0.5 g/l and 2.5 g/l sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 2.5 g/l and 6.0 g/l sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 5 g/l and about 10 g/l sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 0.5 g/l and about 5 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 0.5 g/l and about 5 g/l sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), between about 1.0 g/l and about 6 g/l sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and between about 10 g/l and about 100 g/l organic solids.

The black liquor may comprise between about 1.0 g/l and 2.0 g/l sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 3.5 g/l and 5.5 g/l sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 6.5 g/l and about 9.0 g/l sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1.0 g/l and about 3.0 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2.0 g/l and about 4 g/l sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), between about 2.0 g/l and about 4.5 g/l sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and between about 20 g/l and about 50 g/l organic solids.

The black liquor may comprise between about 4 wt % and 10 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 10 wt % and 30 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 25 wt % and about 50 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 5 wt % and about 15 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 8 wt % and about 20 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), between about 10 wt % and about 25 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and between about 10 wt % and about 90 wt % organic solids or between about 30% and about 70% organic solids.

The black liquor may comprise between about 5 wt % and 9wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 15 wt % and 25 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 25 wt % and about 45 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 5 wt % and about 15 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 10 wt % and about 15 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), between about 13 wt % and about 20 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and between about 40 wt % and about 90 wt % organic solids or between about 50% and about 80% organic solids, or between about 60% and about 75% organic solids.

The black liquor may comprise any one or more of inorganic elements, dissolved wood substances, acetic acid, formic acid, sugars, caboxylic acids, xylans, and methanol.

In one embodiment, the pulping liquor is a green pulping liquor (green liquor).

The green liquor may comprise between about 9 g/l and 20 g/l sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 25 g/l and 55 g/l sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 80 g/l and about 145 g/l sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 4.0 g/l and about 8.0 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 6.0 g/l and about 15.0 g/l sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 3.0 g/l and about 9.0 g/l sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

The green liquor may be obtained by processing the black liquor. The green liquor may be obtained by burning the black liquor in an oxygen deficient environment and dissolving the resultant material in a solvent (e.g. water). The concentration of organic solids in the black liquor may be increased prior to burning the black liquor in the oxygen deficient environment to obtain the green liquor. Concentration of the organic solids in the black liquor may be achieved by evaporation.

The green liquor may comprise between about 11 g/l and 20 g/l sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 25 g/l and 50 g/l sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 80 g/l and about 130 g/l sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 4.0 g/l and about 8.0 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 8.0 g/l and about 15.0 g/l sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 3.0 g/l and about 9.0 g/l sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

The green liquor may comprise between about 13 g/l and 18 g/l sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 30 g/l and 45 g/l sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 95 g/l and about 120 g/l sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 5.0 g/l and about 7.0 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 9.0 g/l and about 13.0 g/l sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 4.0 g/l and about 7.0 g/l sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

The green liquor may comprise between about 4 wt % and 12 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 15 wt % and 25 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 50 wt % and about 70 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1 wt % and about 7 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 10 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

The green liquor may comprise between about 5 wt % and 10 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 17 wt % and 23 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 55 wt % and about 65 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1 wt % and about 4 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 3 wt % and about 9 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

In one embodiment, the pulping liquor is a white pulping liquor (white liquor).

The white liquor may be obtained by processing the green liquor. The white liquor may be obtained by reacting the green liquor with lime or a derivative thereof (e.g. calcium oxide (CO), calcium hydroxide (CaOH)).

The white liquor may comprise between about 80 g/l and 110 g/l sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 30 g/l and 45 g/l sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 18 g/l and about 35 g/l sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 3.0 g/l and about 6.0 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 7.0 g/l and about 12.0 g/l sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 3.0 g/l and about 9.0 g/l sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

The white liquor may comprise between about 85 g/l and 105 g/l sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 32 g/l and 43 g/l sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 20 g/l and about 30 g/l sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 3.5 g/l and about 5.5 g/l sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 8.0 g/l and about 10.0 g/l sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 4.5 g/l and about 7.5 g/l sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

The white liquor may comprise between about 40 wt % and 65 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 10 wt % and 30 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 8 wt % and about 22 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1 wt % and about 6 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 10 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

The white liquor may comprise between about 45 wt % and 60 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 15 wt % and 25 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 10 wt % and about 20 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 7 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1.5 wt % and about 4 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).

In one embodiment, the treating comprises treating the reaction mixture at a temperature of between 250° C. and 450° C., and a pressure of between 100 bar and 300 bar.

The treating may comprise heating the slurry to a temperature selected from the group consisting of at least about 250° C., at least about 300° C., at least about 350° C., at least about 370° C., at least about 390° C., at least about 400° C., between about 200° C. and about 400° C., between about 200° C. and about 400° C., between about 300° C. and about 400° C., between about 350° C. and about 400° C., and between about 370° C. and about 450° C.

The treating may comprise pressurising the reaction mixture at a pressure of between about 100 bar and about 400 bar, between about 150 bar and about 400 bar, between about 200 bar and about 400 bar, between about 150 bar and about 350 bar, between about 180 bar and about 350 bar, between about 150 bar and about 300 bar, between about 150 bar and about 280 bar, between about 150 bar and about 270 bar, or between about 200 bar and about 300 bar.

The treating may comprise treating the reaction mixture at a temperature of between 310° C. and 360° C., and a pressure of between 160 bar and 250 bar.

The treating may comprise treating the reaction mixture at a temperature of between 320° C. and 360° C., and a pressure of between 220 bar and 250 bar.

The treating may comprise treating the reaction mixture at:

(i) a temperature of between 200° C. and 450° C., and a pressure of between 100 bar and 300 bar;

(ii) a temperature of between 250° C. and 350° C., and a pressure of between 140 bar and 240 bar.

In one embodiment, the method comprises preparing a slurry comprising the organic matter and the pulping liquor, generating subcritical or supercritical steam independently of the slurry, and contacting the slurry with the subcritical or supercritical steam in at least one vessel or chamber of said reactor vessel.

The slurry may comprise lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof.

The slurry may be at ambient or near ambient temperature and pressure prior to the contacting with the subcritical or supercritical steam.

The treating may comprise heating the slurry to a temperature selected from the group consisting of at least about 100° C., at least about 150° C., at least about 200° C., at least about 250° C., at least about 300° C., at least about 350° C., between about 200° C. and about 250° C., between about 200° C. and about 400° C., between about 250° C. and about 400° C., between about 250° C. and about 350° C., and between about 250° C. and about 350° C.; generating subcritical or supercritical steam independently of the slurry; and contacting the slurry with the subcritical or supercritical steam in at least one vessel or chamber of the reactor vessel.

The slurry may be pressurised prior to and/or after said contacting.

In one embodiment, the method comprises preparing a slurry comprising the organic matter, heating the slurry to a temperature of between at least about 100° C., at least about 150° C., at least about 200° C., at least about 250° C., at least about 300° C., at least about 350° C., between about 200° C. and about 250° C., between about 200° C. and about 400° C., between about 250° C. and about 400° C., between about 250° C. and about 350° C., and between about 250° C. and about 350° C.; mixing the pulping liquor with the slurry after heating the slurry to said temperature; and contacting the slurry comprising the lignocellulosic feedstock and black liquor with subcritical or supercritical steam in at least one vessel or chamber of the reactor vessel, wherein the subcritical or supercritical steam is generated independently of the slurry.

The slurry may comprise lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the method comprises a first preheating stage in which the reaction mixture is heated to a temperature that is below the reaction temperature, and a second heating stage in which the reaction mixture is heated to the reaction temperature.

The second heating stage may comprise contacting the reaction mixture with subcritical or supercritical steam.

In one embodiment, the pulping liquor is mixed with the feedstock and/or solvent prior to the treating.

In one embodiment the pulping liquor is added to the reaction mixture after the reaction mixture reaches said reaction temperature and pressure.

In one embodiment the reaction mixture comprises between 1% and 30%, between 5% and 30%, between 10% and 30%, between 5% and 30%, between 5% and 20%, between 5% and 15%, between 10% and 30%, between 10% and 30%, between 10% and 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%, of the pulping liquor by weight.

In one embodiment the reaction mixture comprises between 1% and 100%, between 90% and 100%, between 95% and 100%, between 50% and 100%, between 50% and 90%, between 50% and 95%, between 50% and 95%, between 50% and 80%, between 50% and 70%, between 50% and 60%, between 30% and 90%, between 40% and 90%, or between 20% and 75%, of the pulping liquor by weight.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 40%, less than 70%, less than 80%, less than 90%, less than 95%, between 10% and 95%, between 30% and 95%, between 50% to 70%, or between 60% to 80%, of the solvent by weight.

In one embodiment, the solvent is an aqueous solvent, an oil solvent, or a mixture of an aqueous solvent and an oil solvent.

The oil solvent or the mixture of the aqueous solvent and the oil solvent may comprise crude tall oil, distilled tall oil, or a combination thereof

The aqueous solvent may comprise water, water only, or water and an alcohol.

The aqueous solvent may comprise water and an alcohol, and the alcohol may be selected from ethanol, methanol, or a combination of methanol and ethanol.

The reaction mixture may comprise a percentage by weight of the alcohol of more than 3%, more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, more than 30%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 5%, or less than 3%.

In one embodiment, the lignocellulosic feedstock may be lignocellulosic matter comprising at least 10% lignin, at least 35% cellulose, and at least 20% hemicellulose.

The lignocellulosic feedstock may comprise more than about 10% of each of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 35%, or more than 40%, of the organic matter by weight.

The organic matter may be lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture comprises less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 50%, between 5% and 40%, between 10% to 35%, or between 15% and 30%, of the organic matter by weight.

The organic matter may be lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the organic matter is provided in the form of a slurry comprising some or all of the solvent.

The organic matter may be lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof.

The organic matter may be provided in the form of a slurry comprising some or all of the solvent and/or some or all of the pulping liquor.

The treating may comprise treating the organic matter, the solvent, and the pulping liquor in the form of a slurry with a flow velocity of above 0.01 cm/s, above 0.05 cm/s, above 0.5 cm/s, above 0.1 cm/s, above 1.5 cm/s, or above 2.0 cm/s.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture is subjected to:

(a) heating and pressurisation to a target temperature and pressure,

(b) treatment at target temperature(s) and pressure(s) for a defined time period (i.e. the “retention time”), and

(c) cooling and de-pressurisation, under continuous flow conditions.

In one embodiment, the treating is for a time period of between about 20 minutes and about 30 minutes.

In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of heating the organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof) and solvent to the temperature in a time period of less than about 2 minutes, prior to the treating.

In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of heating and pressurising the organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof) and solvent to the temperature and pressure in a time period of less than about 2 minutes, prior to the treating.

In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of:

(i) cooling the product mixture to a temperature of between about 160° C. and about 200° C. in a time period of less than about 30 seconds after said treating; and

(ii) depressurisation and cooling the product mixture to ambient temperature by release through a pressure let down device.

The pressure let down device may be enveloped in ambient temperature water.

The depressurising and cooling of the product mixture may occur simultaneously.

The depressurising and cooling of the product mixture may occur separately.

In one embodiment the lignocellulosic feedstock is wood (e.g. radiata pine).

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises a solid substrate, wherein the solid substrate is solid or substantially solid at the reaction temperature and pressure, sequesters organic and/or inorganic matter that de-solubilises within the reaction mixture or the product mixture; and/or alters one or more flow characteristics of the reaction mixture and/or the product mixture in the reactor vessel.

The organic matter may be lignocellulosic feedstock, coal (e.g. lignite), or a combination thereof.

The solid substrate may inhibit scaling in the reactor vessel.

The solid substrate may inhibit development of a pressure gradient in the reactor vessel during the conversion of the organic matter feedstock into the bio-product.

The depressurising may be facilitated by a pressure let down device in the reactor vessel.

The reaction mixture may be pressurised to a maximum pressure prior to or during the treating.

Prior to the depressurising facilitated by the pressure let down device, the product mixture may be pressurised at less than 98%, less than 95%, less than 90%, less than 85%, less than 80%, less than 75%, less than 70%, less than 65%, less than 60%, less than 55%, or less than 50%, of the maximum pressure.

The solid substrate may generate additional metal surface area within the reactor vessel by an abrasive action, to thereby provide additional metal surface area for provision of additional heterogeneous catalysts to the reaction mixture.

The solid substrate may be inert or substantially inert at the reaction temperature and pressure.

The solid substrate may be chemically inert or substantially chemically inert at the reaction temperature and pressure.

The solid substrate may be a carbonaceous material comprising at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% by weight carbon.

In one embodiment of the first, second or third aspects, the solid substrate may be selected from the group consisting of: coals, anthracitic coal, meta-anthracite, anthracite semianthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite (i.e. brown coal), coking coal, coal tar, coal tar derivatives, coal char, coke, high temperature coke, foundry coke, low and medium temperature coke, pitch coke, petroleum coke, coke oven coke, coke breeze, gas coke, brown coal coke, semi coke, charcoal, pyrolysis char, hydrothermal char, carbon black, graphite fine particles, amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, vapor-grown carbon fibers, and any combination thereof.

In one embodiment of the first, second or third aspects, the solid substrate may be a non-carbonaceous material comprising no more than 10%, no more than 5%, no more than 1%, or no carbon.

The solid substrate may be selected from the group consisting of fly ash, a mineral, calcium carbonate, calcite, a silicate, silica, quartz, an oxide, a metal oxide, an insoluble or substantially insoluble metal salt, iron ore, a clay mineral, talc, gypsum, and any combination thereof.

The solid substrate may be selected from the group consisting of carbonates of calcium, carbonates of magnesium, carbonates of calcium and magnesium, calcite, limestone, dolomite, hydroxides of calcium, hydroxides of magnesium, oxides of calcium, oxides of magnesium, hydrogen carbonates of calcium, hydrogen carbonates of magnesium, kaolinite, bentonite, illite, zeolites, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapataite, phyllosilicates, and any combination thereof.

The solid substrate may be provided in the form of a powder, or a slurry comprising the powder.

The solid substrate may be present in the reaction mixture at a concentration of more than 0.5%, more than 1%, more than 3%, more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 25%, or more than 30% by weight.

The solid substrate is may be present in the reaction mixture at a concentration of less than 0.5%, less than 1%, less than 3%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 25%, or less than 50% by weight.

Organic and/or inorganic matter may be sequestered by the solid substrate by adsorbing the organic matter and/or inorganic matter onto a surface of the solid substrate or into the solid substrate.

In one embodiment of the first, second or third aspects, the reaction mixture comprises the organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic matter) and the solid substrate at a ratio of about 1:1, about 3:2, about 2:1, about 3:1, about 4:1, about 5:1, about 6:1 about 8:1, about 10:1, about 20:1, or about 30:1.

In one embodiment of the first, second or third aspects, the solid substrate constitutes: at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, between 1 wt % and 20%, between 1% and 10%, between 1% and 5%, between 5% and 10%, between 5% and 15%, between 5% and 20%, between 20% and 40%, between 20% and 50%, between 20% and 30%, between 30% and 40%, or between 40% and 50% of the total combined mass of the solid substrate and organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic matter) in the reaction mixture.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises separating the solid substrate from the product mixture after the depressurising and cooling, and recycling the solid substrate into a second slurry or second reaction mixture comprising organic matter feedstock.

In one embodiment, the solid substrate is made from residue obtained by distillation or pyrolysis of the bio-product.

In one embodiment, the reaction mixture further comprises an oil additive.

The oil additive may be mixed with the feedstock and/or solvent prior to the treating.

The reaction mixture may comprise between 5% and 60%, between 5% and 50%, between 5% and 40%, between 5% and 30%, between 5% and between 20%, more the 5% , more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 30%, less than 20%, less than 15% or less than 10% of the oil additive by weight.

The oil additive may be selected from the group consisting of paraffinic oil, gas-oil, crude oil, synthetic oil, coal-oil, bio-oil, shale oil, kerogen oil, mineral oil, white mineral oil, aromatic oil, tall oil, distilled tall oil, plant or animal oils, fats and their acidic forms and esterified forms, and any combination thereof.

In one embodiment the solvent is a mixed solvent comprising an aqueous solvent component and an oil solvent component, wherein the two components are substantially immiscible or partly miscible at ambient temperature.

The oil component may be crude tall oil, distilled tall oil or a combination thereof

In one embodiment, the solvent comprises water and oil in a ratio of about 1:1 by mass, of about 1:2 by mass, of about 2:1 by mass, of about 3:1 by mass, of about 1:3 by mass, of about 1:4 by mass, of about 4:1 by mass, of about 1:5 by mass, of about 5:1 by mass, of about 1:6 by mass, of about 6:1 by mass, of about 1:7 by mass, of about 7:1 by mass, of about 1:8 by mass, of about 8:1 by mass, of about 1:9 by mass, of about 9:1 by mass, of about 1:10 by mass, or of about 10:1 by mass.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises separating oil from the product and recycling the oil into a second slurry or second reaction mixture comprising organic matter feedstock.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises separating the solid substrate and oil from the product, and recycling the solid substrate and the oil into a second slurry or second reaction mixture comprising organic matter feedstock.

In one embodiment, the oil solvent is recycled from a bio-product produced according to the method.

In one embodiment, the solid substrate is recycled from a bio-product produced according to the method.

In one embodiment, the oil solvent and solid substrate are recycled in a mixture from a bio-product produced according to the method, and the mixture of recycled oil and recycled substrate is solid at ambient temperature.

In one embodiment, the bio-product comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of: waxes; aldehydes; carboxylic acids; carbohydrates; phenols; furfurals; alcohols; ketones; resins; resin acids; compounds structurally related to resin acids; alkanes; alkenes; fatty acids; fatty acid esters; sterols; sterol-related compounds; furanic oligomers; cyclopentanones; cyclohexanones; alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentanones; alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclohexanones; cyclopenteneones; alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentenones; aromatic compounds; naphthalenes; alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted naphthalenes; cresols; alkyl- and alkoxy-phenols; alkyl- and alkoxy-catechols; alkyl- and alkoxy-dihydroxybezenes; alkyl- and alkoxy-hydroquinones; indenes; indene-derivatives, and any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the bio-product comprises an oil component having a gross calorific value of at least 30 MJ/kg, at least 32 MJ/kg, at least 35 MJ/kg, or at least 36 MJ/kg.

In one embodiment, the bio-product comprises an oil component having a gross calorific value of at least 30 MJ/kg, at least 32 MJ/kg, at least 35 MJ/kg, or at least 36 MJ/kg, and a mixed substrate and oil component having a gross calorific value of at least 26 MJ/kg, at least 28 MJ/kg, at least 30 MJ/kg, at least 32 MJ/kg, or at least 33 MJ/kg.

In one embodiment, the method comprises dissolving bio-oil from the bio-product in a purifying solvent and filtering the dissolved bio-oil to remove particulates and solid material.

In one embodiment, the purifying solvent comprises any one or more of: acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, chloroform, ketones, alcohol, furans, light cycle oil, naphtha, and/or a distilled fraction of bio-oil from a bio-product produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the distilled fraction is obtained by boiling said bio-oil from a bio-product produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention, at a temperature of between about 60° C. and about 150° C.

In one embodiment, the purifying solvent is recovered by distillation following said filtration.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a bio-product obtained or obtainable by the method of the first aspect.

The bio-product may be a bio-oil.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying Figures wherein:

FIG. 1 shows gross calorific value (GCV) vs oxygen content in biocrudes generated from Radiata Pine plus sodium hydroxide (circles), and from hog fuel and black liquor feeds (triangles—as labelled), in accordance with methods of the present invention; and

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a pilot plant reactor for performing feedstock conversion under continuous flow according to the methods of present invention.

DEFINITIONS

As used in this application, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a catalyst” also includes a plurality of catalysts.

As used herein, the term “comprising” means “including.” Variations of the word “comprising”, such as “comprise” and “comprises,” have correspondingly varied meanings. Thus, for example, a bio-product “comprising” a bio-oil may consist exclusively of bio-oil or may include other additional substances.

As used herein, the terms “organic matter” and “organic materials” have the same meaning and encompass any material comprising carbon including both fossilised and non-fossilised materials. Non-limiting examples of organic matter include renewable sources of biomass (e.g. lignocellulosic matter), as well as hydrocarbon-containing materials (e.g. lignite, oil shale and peat) which may be non-renewable.

As used herein the term “bio-product” encompasses any product that can be obtained by the treatment of organic matter feedstock as defined above in accordance with the methods of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of bio-products include biofuels (e.g. bio-oils, char products, gaseous products) and chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals, organic acids, furanics, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, levoglucosan, sorbitol, cylitol, arabinitol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde).

As used herein, the term “biofuel” refers to an energy-containing material derived from the treatment of organic matter feedstock as defined above in accordance with the methods of the present invention. Non-limiting examples of biofuels include bio-oils, char products (e.g. is upgraded pulvarised coal injection (PCI) equivalent products and fuels for direct injection carbon engines (DICE)), and gaseous products (a gaseous product comprising methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide).

As used herein the term “bio-oil” refers to a complex mixture of compounds derived from the treatment of organic matter feedstock as defined above in accordance with the methods of the present invention. The bio-oil may comprise compounds including, but not limited to, any one or more of alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, phenols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones. The bio-oil may comprise multiple phases including, but not limited to, a water-soluble aqueous phase which may comprise, compounds including, but not limited to, any one or more of carbohydrates, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, phenols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones, resins and resin acids, and compounds structurally related to resin acids, alkanes and alkenes, fatty acids and fatty acid esters, sterols and sterol-related compounds, furanic oligomers, cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, cyclopenteneones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentenones, aromatic compounds including naphthalenes and alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted naphthalenes, cresols, alkyl- and alkoxy-phenols, alkyl- and alkoxy-catechols, alkyl- and alkoxy-dihydroxybezenes, alkyl- and alkoxy-hydroquinones, indenes and indene-derivatives; and a water-insoluble phase which may comprise, compounds including, but not limited to, any one or more of waxes, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, phenols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones, resins and resin acids, and compounds structurally related to resin acids, alkanes and alkenes, fatty acids and fatty acid esters, sterols and sterol-related compounds, furanic oligomers, cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, cyclopenteneones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentenones, aromatic compounds including naphthalenes and alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted naphthalenes, cresols, alkyl- and alkoxy-phenols, alkyl- and alkoxy-catechols, alkyl- and alkoxy-dihydroxybezenes, alkyl- and alkoxy-hydroquinones, indenes and indene-derivatives.

As used herein, the term “lignocellulosic” encompasses any substance comprising lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. By way of non-limiting example, lignocellulosic matter may comprise at least 10% lignin, at least 10% cellulose and at least 10% hemicellulose.

As used herein, the term “fossilised organic matter” encompasses any organic material that has been subjected to geothermal pressure and temperature for a period of time sufficient to remove water and concentrate carbon to significant levels. For example, fossilised organic material may comprise more than about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90% or 95 wt % carbon. Non-limiting examples of fossilised organic matter include coals (e.g. anthracitic coals such as meta-anthracite, anthracite and semianthracite; bituminous coals; subbituminous coals; lignite (i.e. brown coal), coking coal, coal tar, coal tar derivatives, coal char), cokes (e.g. high temperature coke, foundry coke, low and medium temperature coke, pitch coke, petroleum coke, coke oven coke, coke breeze, gas coke, brown coal coke, semi coke), peat (e.g. milled peat, sod peat), kerogen, tar sands, oil shale, shale tar, asphalts, asphaltines, natural bitumen, bituminous sands, or any combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “pulping liquor” will be understood to encompass “black liquor”, “green liquor”, “white liquor”, and any combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “black liquor” will be understood to mean an alkaline aqueous solution arising from the treatment of lignocellulosic matter (e.g. pulpwood) into paper pulp using pulping chemicals (e.g. alkaline solution of soda and/or sulfate) which act to free the cellulose fibers from the wood. Black liquor comprises a mixture of dissolved organics (e.g. lignin residues, hemicellulose), inorganic chemicals, and water. It can be separated from the generated pulp using conventional techniques and may optionally be concentrated by removal of water. “Strong” black liquor may, for example, comprise 46-57% solids by weight. “Heavy” black liquor may, for example, comprise 63%-80% solids by weight. The precise chemical makeup of black liquor will depend on the type of lignocellulosic material subjected to the pulping process, concentration/make-up of pulping chemicals and so on. By way of non-limiting example, black liquor may comprise 12%-20% solids (50%-70% organics, 20%-40% inorganics), 5-10% NaOH, 15%-30% Na₂S, 30%-40% Na₂CO₃, 5%-15% Na₂SO₃, 8%-18% Na₂SO₄, and/or 10%-20% Na₂S₂O₃.

As used herein, the term “green liquor” will be understood to mean an aqueous solution of black liquor smelt dissolved in a solvent (e.g. water), and comprising sodium carbonate. The black liquor smelt may arise from the incineration of black liquor that has been concentrated by the evaporation of water (for example, to over 60% solids content). The precise mechanical make-up of green liquor will depend on factors such as the chemical make-up and degree of solids content of the black liquor material from which it is derived, specifics of the incineration process to produce black liquor smelt, and so on. way of non-limiting example, green liquor may comprise NaOH (5%-10%), Na₂S (15%-25%%), Na₂CO₃ (55%-65%), Na₂SO₃ (1%-6%), Na₂SO₄ (3%-9%), and Na₂S₂O₃ (1%-6%).

As used herein, the term “white liquor” will be understood to mean an alkaline aqueous solution comprising sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, and other sodium salts, such as sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and small amounts of sulfites and chlorides. White liquor may arise from treatment of green liquor with lime (CaO/Ca(OH)₂).

The green liquor may optionally be clarified to remove insoluble materials (e.g. calcium compounds, unburned carbon, metals) prior to treatment with the lime. The precise chemical makeup of white liquor will depend on factors such as the specific reaction conditions used to prepare it from green liquor, and the nature of the green liquor from which it is derived. By way of non-limiting example, white liquor may comprise between about 48 wt % and 58 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 15 wt % and 25 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 10 wt % and about 20 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 7 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1.5 wt % and about 4 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃). As used herein, the term “solvent” includes within its scope an “aqueous solvent”, an “oil solvent”, and combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “aqueous solvent” refers to a solvent comprising at least one percent water based on total weight of solvent. An “aqueous solvent” may therefore comprise between one percent water and one hundred percent water based on total weight of solvent. An “aqueous solvent” will also be understood to include within its scope “aqueous alcohol”, “aqueous ethanol”, and “aqueous methanol”.

As used herein, the term “aqueous alcohol” refers to a solvent comprising at least one percent alcohol based on total weight of solvent.

As used herein, the term “aqueous ethanol” refers to a solvent comprising at least one percent ethanol based on total weight of solvent.

As used herein, the term “aqueous ethanol” refers to a solvent comprising at least one percent methanol based on total weight of solvent.

As used herein, the term “oil solvent” refers to a solvent comprising any suitable oil, non-limiting examples of which include paraffinic oil, gas-oil, crude oil, synthetic oil, coal-oil, bio-oil, shale oil/kerogen oil, aromatic oils (i.e. single or multi-ringed components or mixtures thereof), tall oils, triglyceride oils, fatty acids, ether extractables, hexane extractables, and any mixture of any of the previous components, and in which the oil constitutes at least one percent of the solvent based on total solvent weight.

As used herein the term “oil additive” refers to any suitable oil component for inclusion in a feedstock, solvent and/or reaction mixture according to the present invention, non-limiting examples of which include paraffinic oil, gas-oil, crude oil, synthetic oil, coal-oil, bio-oil, shale oil/kerogen oil, aromatic oils (i.e. single or multi-ringed components or mixtures thereof), tall oils, triglyceride oils, fatty acids, ether extractables, hexane extractables, and any mixture of any of the previous components. The oil additive may constitute at least one percent portion of the feedstock, solvent and/or reaction mixture to which it is added, based on total weight of the feedstock, solvent and/or reaction mixture.

As used herein, a “supercritical” substance (e.g. a supercritical solvent) refers to a substance that is heated above its critical temperature and pressurised above its critical pressure (i.e. a substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point).

As used herein, a “subcritical” substance (e.g. a subcritical solvent) refers to a substance at a temperature and/or pressure below the critical point of the substance. Accordingly, a substance may be “subcritical” at a temperature below its critical point and a pressure above its critical point, at a temperature above its critical point and a pressure below its critical point, or at a temperature and pressure below its critical point.

As used herein, a “solid substrate” is a component that is solid or substantially solid at a reaction temperature and pressure used in accordance with the methods of the present invention. The solid substrate may be capable of sequestering organic and/or inorganic matter that de-solubilises within the reaction mixture and/or a product mixture produced from the reaction mixture. Additionally or alternatively, the solid substrate may be capable of altering the flow characteristics of the reaction mixture or the product mixture in a reactor vessel. Solid substrates encompass both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous materials, non-limiting examples of which include coals, anthracitic coal, meta-anthracite, anthracite semianthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite (i.e. brown coal), coking coal, coal tar, coal tar derivatives, coal char, coke, high temperature coke, foundry coke, low and medium temperature coke, pitch coke, petroleum coke, coke oven coke, coke breeze, gas coke, brown coal coke, semi coke, charcoal, pyrolysis char, hydrothermal char, carbon black, graphite fine particles, amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, vapor-grown carbon fibers, fly ash, a mineral, calcium carbonate, calcite, a silicate, silica, quartz, an oxide, a metal oxide, an insoluble or substantially insoluble metal salt, iron ore, a clay mineral, talc, gypsum, carbonates of calcium, carbonates of magnesium, carbonates of calcium and magnesium, calcite, limestone, dolomite, hydroxides of calcium, hydroxides of magnesium, oxides of calcium, oxides of magnesium, hydrogen carbonates of calcium, hydrogen carbonates of magnesium, kaolinite, bentonite, illite, zeolites, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapataite, phyllosilicates, and any combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “continuous flow” refers to a process wherein a slurry comprising lignocellulosic feedstock and any one or more of: a solvent, solid substrate, pulping liquor, and/or oil additive, is subjected to:

-   -   (a) heating and pressurisation to a target temperature and         pressure,     -   (b) treatment at target temperature(s) and pressure(s) for a         defined time period (a “retention time”), and     -   (c) cooling and de-pressurisation;

during which the slurry is maintained in a stream of continuous movement along the length (or partial length) of a given surface of a reactor vessel. It will be understood that “continuous flow” conditions as contemplated herein are defined by a starting point of heating and pressurisation (i.e. (a) above) and by an end point of cooling and de-pressurisation (i.e. (c) above). Continuous flow conditions as contemplated herein imply no particular limitation regarding flow velocity of the slurry provided that it is maintained in a stream of continuous movement.

As used herein, the terms “reactor”, “reactor apparatus”, and “reactor vessel” are used interchangeably and have the same meaning. Each term encompasses any apparatus suitable for performing the methods of the present invention including, for example, continuous flow reactors and batch reactors.

As used herein a “substantially solid” substrate refers to a substrate that is predominantly solid at a specified reaction temperature and/or pressure in that at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, and more preferably at least 98% of the substrate is in a solid form.

As used herein, a “substantially insoluble” substance is one that is predominantly insoluble at a specified reaction temperature and/or pressure in that at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, and more preferably at least 98% of the substrate is not solubilised.

As used herein, an “inert” or “chemically inert” solid substrate is one that does not chemically react with other components in a reaction mixture or catalyse reactions between components in a reaction mixture, at a specified reaction temperature and pressure or at a range of reaction temperatures and pressures.

As used herein, a “substantially inert” or “substantially chemically inert” solid substrate one that does not to any significant degree chemically react with other components in a reaction mixture or catalyse reactions between components in a reaction mixture, at a specified reaction temperature and pressure or at a range of reaction temperatures and pressures. A “substantially inert” or “substantially chemically inert” solid substrate will be understood to react with any other component in a given reaction mixture, or catalyse a reaction between any given components in a reaction mixture, on less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%, of interaction events with the component(s),It will be understood that use of the term “about” herein in reference to a recited numerical value (e.g. a temperature or pressure) includes the recited numerical value and numerical values within plus or minus ten percent of the recited value.

It will be understood that use of the term “between” herein when referring to a range of numerical values encompasses the numerical values at each endpoint of the range. For example, a temperature range of between 10° C. and 15° C. is inclusive of the temperatures 10° C. and 15° C.

Any description of a prior art document herein, or a statement herein derived from or based on that document, is not an admission that the document or derived statement is a part of the common general knowledge of the relevant art.

For the purposes of description all documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety unless otherwise stated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Modifications to processes for the thermochemical conversion of biomass into biofuels that are capable of increasing process efficiency, lowering costs and/or improving product characteristics are still highly sought after.

The present invention relates to the determination that pulping liquors, an abundant by-product of kraft pulping mill processes, can be used as a source of catalysts for the thermochemical conversion of organic matter feedstocks (e.g. lignocellulosic matter, coals such as lignite) into bio-products. Moreover, in view of their significant cellulosic content, the pulping liquors can also provide a source of feedstock material for conversion into bio-products, thus reducing the amount of feedstock material required.

Black liquor is a waste product of the kraft pulping process in which lignocellulosic matter (e.g. pulpwood) is dissolved under heat and pressure using pulp chemicals. The treatment of the wood in this manner results in a mixture containing pulp and black liquor, a diverse mixture of reacted pulping chemicals/inorganic elements, and dissolved wood substances including acetic acid, formic acid, carboxylic acids, sugars, xylans, and/or methanol. Despite the complex chemical makeup of black liquor and its derivatives, the present inventors have identified that it is a suitable substitute for conventional catalysts used for the thermochemical processing of lignocellulosic matter into bio-oils and related bio-products. Moreover, black liquor contains a significant amount of cellulosic fibers capable of conversion into bio-products via thermochemical processes. Accordingly, the present invention provides a means of increasing the cost-efficiency of thermochemical processes for producing bio-products from organic matter feedstocks.

The present invention thus related to methods for producing bio-products by treating organic matter feedstock with various solvents and in the presence of pulping liquor at increased temperature and pressure. Additional aspects of the present invention relate to bio-products generated by the methods described herein.

The present invention provides methods for the conversion of organic matter feedstock into bio-products (e.g. biofuels including bio-oils; chemical products etc.). As used herein, “organic matter” (also referred to herein as “organic material”) encompasses any matter comprising carbon, including both fossilised and non-fossilised forms of carbon-comprising matter.

No limitation exists regarding the particular type of organic matter feedstocks utilised in the methods of the invention, although it is contemplated that the use of a solid substrate in accordance with the methods of the present invention may be more beneficial during the conversion of non-fossilised forms of organic matter (e.g. lignocellulosic matter) compared to fossilised forms of organic matter.

Organic matter utilised in the methods of the invention may comprise naturally occurring organic matter (e.g. lignocellulosic biomass and the like) and/or synthetic organic materials (e.g. synthetic rubbers, plastics, nylons and the like). In some embodiments, organic matter utilised in the methods of the invention comprises a mixture of fossilised organic matter and non-fossilised organic matter (e.g. lignocellulosic matter). In such cases, the fossilised organic matter may remain solid at reaction temperature and pressure in which case it may act as a solid substrate as described herein. In the case where more than one type (i.e. a mixture) of organic matter is utilised, no limitation exists regarding the particular proportion of the different components of organic matter.

In preferred embodiments, organic matter utilised in the methods of the invention is or comprises lignocellulosic matter. Lignocellulosic matter as contemplated herein refers to any substance comprising lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose.

For example, the lignocellulosic matter may be a woody plant or component thereof. Examples of suitable woody plants include, but are not limited to, pine (e.g. Pinus radiata), birch, eucalyptus, bamboo, beech, spruce, fir, cedar, poplar, willow and aspen. The woody plants may be coppiced woody plants (e.g. coppiced willow, coppiced aspen).

Additionally or alternatively, the lignocellulosic matter may be a fibrous plant or a component thereof. Non-limiting examples of fibrous plants (or components thereof) include grasses (e.g. switchgrass), grass clippings, flax, corn cobs, corn stover, reed, bamboo, bagasse, hemp, sisal, jute, cannabis, hemp, straw, wheat straw, abaca, cotton plant, kenaf, rice hulls, and coconut hair.

Additionally or alternatively, the lignocellulosic matter may be derived from an agricultural source. Non-limiting examples of lignocellulosic matter from agricultural sources include agricultural crops, agricultural crop residues, and grain processing facility wastes (e.g. wheat/oat hulls, corn fines etc.). In general, lignocellulosic matter from agricultural sources may include hard woods, soft woods, hardwood stems, softwood stems, nut shells, branches, bushes, canes, corn, corn stover, cornhusks, energy crops, forests, fruits, flowers, grains, grasses, herbaceous crops, wheat straw, switchgrass, salix, sugarcane bagasse, cotton seed hairs, leaves, bark, needles, logs, roots, saplings, short rotation woody crops, shrubs, switch grasses, trees, vines, cattle manure, and swine waste.

Additionally or alternatively, the lignocellulosic matter may be derived from commercial or virgin forests (e.g. trees, saplings, forestry or timber processing residue, scrap wood such as branches, leaves, bark, logs, roots, leaves and products derived from the processing of such materials, waste or byproduct streams from wood products, sawmill and paper mill discards and off-cuts, sawdust, and particle board).

Additionally or alternatively, the lignocellulosic matter may be derived from industrial products and by-products. Non-limiting examples include wood-related materials and woody wastes and industrial products (e.g. pulp, paper (e.g. newspaper) papermaking sludge, cardboard, textiles and cloths, dextran, and rayon).

It will be understood that organic material used in the methods of the invention may comprise a mixture of two or more different types of lignocellulosic matter, including any combination of the specific examples provided above.

The relative proportion of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in a given sample will depend on the specific nature of the lignocellulosic matter.

By way of example only, the proportion of hemicellulose in a woody or fibrous plant used in the methods of the invention may be between about 15% and about 40%, the proportion of cellulose may be between about 30% and about 60%, and the proportion of lignin may be between about 5% and about 40%. Preferably, the proportion of hemicellulose in the woody or fibrous plant may be between about 23% and about 32%, the proportion of cellulose may be between about 38% and about 50%, and the proportion of lignin may be between about 15% and about 25%.

In some embodiments, lignocellulosic matter used in the methods of the invention may comprise between about 2% and about 35% lignin, between about 15% and about 45% cellulose, and between about 10% and about 35% hemicellulose.

In other embodiments, lignocellulosic matter used in the methods of the invention may comprise between about 20% and about 35% lignin, between about 20% and about 45% cellulose, and between about 20% and about 35% hemicellulose.

In some embodiments, the lignocellulosic matter may comprise more than about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% lignin.

In some embodiments, the lignocellulosic matter may comprise more than about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% cellulose.

In some embodiments, the lignocellulosic matter may comprise more than about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50% hemicellulose.

The skilled addressee will recognize that the methods described herein are not constrained by the relative proportions of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in a given source of lignocellulosic matter.

In certain embodiments of the invention, a mixture of organic material comprising lignite (brown coal) and lignocellulosic matter may be utilised as organic matter feedstock in the methods of the invention. The lignocellulosic matter of the mixture may, for example, comprise woody plant material and/or fibrous plant material. The proportion of lignite in the mixture may be greater than about 20%, 40%, 60% or 80%. Alternatively, the proportion of lignocellulosic matter in the mixture may be greater than about 20%, 40%, 60% or 80%.

In some preferred embodiments, organic matter utilised in the methods of the invention comprises carbon-containing polymeric materials, non-limiting examples of which include rubbers (e.g. tyres), plastics and polyamides (e.g. nylons).

Non-limiting examples of suitable rubbers include natural and synthetic rubbers such as polyurethanes, styrene rubbers, neoprenes, polybutadiene, fluororubbers, butyl rubbers, silicone rubbers, plantation rubber, acrylate rubbers, thiokols, and nitrile rubbers.

Non-limiting examples of suitable plastics include PVC, polyethylene, polystyrene, terphtalate, polyethylene and polypropylene.

Organic matter feedstocks utilised in the methods of the invention may comprise carbon-containing wastes such as sewage, manure, or household or industrial waste materials.

Pre-Treatment of Organic Matter

Organic matter utilised in the methods of the present invention may optionally be pre-treated prior converting it into bio-product(s).

It will be recognised that no strict requirement exists to perform a pre-treatment step when using the methods described herein. For example, pre-treatment of the organic matter may not be required if it is obtained in the form of a liquid or in a particulate form. However, it is contemplated that in many cases pre-treatment of the organic matter may be advantageous in enhancing the outcome of the methods described herein.

In general, pre-treatment may be used to break down the physical and/or chemical structure of the organic matter making it more accessible to various reagents utilised in the methods of the invention (e.g. oil-based solvent, catalysts and the like) and/or other reaction parameters (e.g. heat and pressure). In certain embodiments, pre-treatment of organic matter may be performed for the purpose of increasing solubility, increasing porosity and/or reducing the crystallinity of sugar components (e.g. cellulose). Pre-treatment of the organic matter may be performed using an apparatus such as, for example, an extruder, a pressurized vessel, or batch reactor.

Pre-treatment of the organic matter may comprise physical methods, non-limiting examples of which include grinding, chipping, shredding, milling (e.g. vibratory ball milling), compression/expansion, agitation, and/or pulse-electric field (PEF) treatment.

Additionally or alternatively, pre-treatment of the organic matter may comprise physio-chemical methods, non-limiting examples of which include pyrolysis, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), ammonia recycle percolation (ARP), and/or carbon-dioxide explosion. Pre-treatment with steam explosion may additionally involve agitation of the organic matter.

Additionally or alternatively, pre-treatment of the organic matter may comprise chemical methods, non-limiting examples of which include ozonolysis, acid hydrolysis (e.g. dilute acid hydrolysis using H₂SO₄ and/or HCl), alkaline hydrolysis (e.g. dilute alkaline hydrolysis using sodium, potassium, calcium and/or ammonium hydroxides), oxidative delignification (i.e. lignin biodegradation catalysed by the peroxidase enzyme in the presence of H₂O₂), and/or the organosolvation method (i.e. use of an organic solvent mixture with inorganic acid catalysts such as H₂SO₄ and/or HCl to break lignin-hemicellulose bonds).

Additionally or alternatively, pre-treatment of the organic matter may comprise biological methods, non-limiting examples of which include the addition of microorganisms (e.g. rot fungi) capable of degrading/decomposing various component(s) of the organic matter.

In some embodiments, organic matter used in the methods of the present invention is lignocellulosic matter which may be subjected to an optional pre-treatment step in which hemicellulose is extracted. Accordingly, the majority of the hemicellulose (or indeed all of the hemicellulose) may be extracted from the lignocellulosic matter and the remaining material (containing predominantly cellulose and lignin) used to produce a biofuel by the methods of the invention. However, it will be understood that this pre-treatment is optional and no requirement exists to separate hemicellulose from lignocellulosic matter when performing the methods of the present invention. Suitable methods for the separation of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic matter are described, for example, in PCT publication number WO/2010/034055, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

For example, the hemicellulose may be extracted from lignocellulosic matter by subjecting a slurry comprising the lignocellulosic matter (e.g. 5%-15% w/v solid concentration) to treatment with a mild aqueous acid (e.g. pH 6.5-6.9) at a temperature of between about 100° C. and about 250° C., a reaction pressure of between about 2 and about 50 atmospheres, for between about 5 and about 20 minutes. The solubilised hemicellulose component may be separated from the remaining solid matter (containing predominantly cellulose and lignin) using any suitable means (e.g. by use of an appropriately sized filter). The remaining solid matter may be used directly in the methods of the invention, or alternatively mixed with one or more other forms of organic matter (e.g. lignite) for use in the methods of the invention.

Slurry Characteristics

Organic matter feedstock utilised in accordance with the methods of the present invention is preferably treated in the form of a slurry. Accordingly, the reaction mixture may be in the form of a slurry.

The slurry may comprise the organic matter in combination with a solvent (e.g. an aqueous solvent, an aqueous alcohol solvent, an aqueous ethanol solvent, an aqueous methanol solvent) optionally in combination with pulping liquor, solid substrate, a catalyst additive, and/or an oil additive. The slurry may be generated, for example, by generating a particulate form of the organic matter (e.g. by physical methods such as those referred to above and/or by other means) and mixing with the solvent.

No particular limitation exists regarding the relative proportions of solvent, feedstock, oil additive and/or solid substrate in the slurry. Non-limiting examples of potential quantities of these various components are described in the sections below.

Organic Matter, Feedstock Component

A slurry for use in accordance with the methods of the present invention will generally comprise organic matter feedstock.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the concentration of organic matter in the slurry may be less than about 85 wt %, less than about 75 wt %, or less than about 50 wt %. Alternatively, the concentration of organic matter may be more than about 10 wt %, more than about 20 wt %, more than about 30 wt %, more than about 40 wt %, more than about 50 wt %, or more than about 60 wt %.

In some embodiments the slurry may comprise between about 35 wt % and about 45 wt % of an oil additive. In other embodiments, the slurry may comprise about 40 wt % oil or 39.5 wt % of an oil additive.

The optimal particle size of solid components of the organic matter feedstock and the optimal concentration of those solids in the slurry may depend upon factors such as, for example, the heat transfer capacity of the organic matter utilised (i.e. the rate at which heat can be transferred into and through individual particles), the desired rheological properties of the slurry and/or the compatibility of the slurry with component/s of a given apparatus within which the methods of the invention may be performed (e.g. reactor tubing). The optimal particle size and/or concentration of solid components of the organic matter components in a slurry used for the methods of the present invention can readily be determined by a person skilled in the art using standard techniques. For example, a series of slurries may be generated, each sample in the series comprising different particle sizes and/or different concentrations of the solid organic matter components compared to the other samples. Each slurry can then be treated in accordance with the methods of the invention under a conserved set of reaction conditions. The optimal particle size and/or concentration of solid organic matter components can then be determined upon analysis and comparison of the products generated from each slurry using standard techniques in the art.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the particle size of solid organic matter components in the slurry may be between about 10 microns and about 10,000 microns. For example, the particle size may be more than about 50, 100, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 or 9000 microns. Alternatively, the particle size may less than about 50, 100, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 or 9000 microns. In some embodiments, the particle size is between about 10 microns and about 50 microns, between about 10 microns and about 100 microns, between about 10 microns and about 200 microns, between about 10 microns and about 500 microns, between about 10 microns and about 750 microns, or between about 10 microns and about 1000 microns. In other embodiments, the particle size is between about between about 100 microns and about 1000 microns, between about 100 microns and about 750 microns, between about 100 microns and about 500 microns, or between about 100 microns and about 250 microns.

One non-limiting advantage of the present invention is that the methods can be used to process feedstock with a high content of ash or inorganic material.

Pulping Liquor Component

A slurry for use in accordance with the methods of the present invention will generally comprise a pulping liquor component. The pulping liquor may be included in the slurry prior to heating and/or pressurising the slurry to target reaction conditions. Additionally or alternatively, the pulping liquor may be included in the slurry while the slurry is undergoing heating and/or pressurising to target reaction conditions. Additionally or alternatively, the pulping liquor may be included in the slurry after it has undergone heating and/or pressurising to target reaction conditions.

In some embodiments the slurry may comprise pulping liquor (black liquor, green liquor, white liquor, or any combination thereof).

For example, the slurry may comprise between about 1% and about 100%, between about 90% and about 100%, between about 95% and about 100%, between about 50% and about 100%, between about 50% and about 90%, between about 50% and about 95%, between about 50% and about 95%, between about 50% and about 80%, between about 50% and about 70%, between about 50% and about 60%, between about 30% and about 90%, between about 40% and about 90%, or between about 20% and about 75%, of the pulping liquor by weight.

For example, the slurry may comprise between about 60 wt % and about 100 wt % of the pulping liquor, between about 5 wt % and about 60 wt %, between about 1 wt % and about 50 wt %, between about 1 wt % and about 40 wt %, between about 1 wt % and about 30 wt %, between about 1 wt % and about 20 wt %, between about 1 wt % and about 15 wt %, between about 1 wt % and about 10 wt %, between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt %, between about 2 wt % and about 20 wt %, between about 2 wt % and about 10 wt %, between about 3% and about 20 wt %, between about 3 wt % and about 10 wt %, between about 0.5 wt % and about 5 wt %, between about 2 wt % and about 8 wt %, between about 3 wt % and about 5 wt %, or between about 5 wt % and about 15 wt % of the pulping liquor.

In some embodiments, the pulping liquor (black liquor, green liquor, white liquor, or any combination thereof) may be used in an amount of between about 0.1% and about 10% w/v pulping liquor, between about 0.1% and about 7.5% w/v pulping liquor, between about 0.1% and about 5% w/v pulping liquor, between about 0.1% and about 2.5% w/v pulping liquor, between about 0.1% and about 1% w/v pulping liquor, or between about 0.1% and about 0.5% w/v pulping liquor (in relation to the solvent).

Solvent Component

A slurry for use in accordance with the methods of the present invention will generally comprise a solvent component. The solvent may be an aqueous solvent, an oil solvent, or a combination thereof.

The solvent may comprise or consist of water.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the concentration of water in the slurry may be above about 80 wt %, above about 85 wt %, or above about 90 wt %. Accordingly, the concentration of water may be above about 75 wt %, above about 70 wt %, above about 60 wt %, above about 50 wt %, above about 40 wt %, or above about 30 wt %. In some embodiments, the concentration of water is between about 90 wt % and about 95 wt %.

In some embodiments the slurry comprises between about 10 wt % and about 30 wt % water. In other preferred embodiments, the slurry comprises about 20 wt % oil or about 15 wt % water.

In some embodiments, the water is recycled from the product of the process. For example, a portion water present following completion of the reaction may be taken off as a side stream and recycled into the slurry.

The solvent may comprise or consist of one or more aqueous alcohol/s.

For example, it may be suitable or preferable to use an aqueous alcohol as the solvent when the lignocellulosic feedstock used in the methods consists of or comprises a significant amount of lignocellulosic material and/or other materials such rubber and plastics due to the stronger chemical bonds in these types of lignocellulosic feedstock.

Suitable alcohols may comprise between one and about ten carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of suitable alcohols include methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, pentyl alcohol, hexanol and iso-hexanol.

The slurry may comprise more than about 5 wt %, 10 wt %, 15 wt %, 20 wt %, 25 wt %, 30 wt %, 35 wt %, 40 wt %, 45 wt % or 50 wt % alcohol aqueous alcohol.

In certain embodiments, the solvent comprises a mixture of two or more aqueous alcohols. Preferably, the alcohol is ethanol, methanol or a mixture thereof.

Solid Substrate Component

A slurry for use in accordance with the methods of the present invention may comprise a solid substrate component as described herein.

Favourable characteristics of the solid substrate may include any one or more of the following: it remains inert or substantially inert at the reaction temperature and pressure used; it remains unaltered or substantially unaltered upon completion of the process; it remains as a solid or substantially solid at the reaction temperatures and pressures used; it is of low or moderate hardness so that it does not induce substantial abrasion or erosive corrosion in reactors (e.g. continuous flow reactors); it has a high internal or external specific surface area so that it can adsorb and/or absorb large quantities of bio-products and/or other precipitates during the conversion process.

The solid substrate may be a carbonaceous material. By way of non-limiting example only, the solid substrate may be a carbonaceous material comprising at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95% by weight carbon.

Non-limiting examples of suitable carbonaceous materials for use as the solid substrate include coals (e.g. anthracitic coals such as meta-anthracite, anthracite and semianthracite; bituminous coals, subbituminous coals, lignite (i.e. brown coal), coking coal, coal tar, coal tar derivatives, coal char); cokes (e.g. high temperature coke, foundry coke, low and medium temperature coke, pitch coke, petroleum coke, coke oven coke, coke breeze, gas coke, brown coal coke, semi coke); charcoal; pyrolysis char; hydrothermal char; carbon black; graphite fine particles; amorphous carbon; carbon nanotubes; carbon nanofibers; vapor-grown carbon fibers; and any combination thereof.

In some preferred embodiments of the present invention the solid substrate may be a carbon rich char made from the previous processing of organic matter according to the present invention followed by a thermal treatment in the substantial absence of oxygen to remove volatile materials (e.g. by pyrolysis or vacuum distillation at temperatures in the range of 200° C. to 800° C.).

The solid substrate may be a non-carbonaceous material. By way of non-limiting is example only, the solid substrate may be a non-carbonaceous material comprising less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%, by weight carbon, or comprise no carbon.

Non-limiting examples of suitable non-carbonaceous materials for use as the solid substrate include ash (e.g. fly ash); minerals (e.g. calcium carbonate, calcite, silicates, silica, quartz, oxides including iron ore, clay minerals, talc, gypsum); an insoluble or substantially insoluble metal salt; and any combination thereof.

Further non-limiting examples of suitable materials for use as the solid substrate include carbonates of calcium, carbonates of magnesium, carbonates of calcium and magnesium, calcite, limestone, dolomite, hydroxides of calcium, hydroxides of magnesium, oxides of calcium, oxides of magnesium, hydrogen carbonates of calcium, hydrogen carbonates of magnesium, kaolinite, bentonite, illite, zeolites, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapataite, phyllosilicates, and any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the concentration of solid substrate in the slurry may be less than about 20 wt %, less than about 15 wt %, or less than about 10 wt %. Alternatively, the concentration of solid substrate may be more than about 0.5 wt %, more than about 1 wt %, more than about 3 wt %, more than about 5 wt %, more than about 50 8 wt %, or more than about 10 wt %.

The optimal particle size and optimal concentration of the solid substrate may depend upon factors such as, for example, the heat transfer capacity of the organic matter utilised (i.e. the rate at which heat can be transferred into and through individual particles), the desired rheological properties of the slurry and/or the compatibility of the slurry with component/s of a given apparatus within which the methods of the invention may be performed (e.g. reactor tubing). The optimal particle size and/or concentration of the solid substrate component in a slurry used for the methods of the invention can readily be determined by a person skilled in the art using standard techniques. For example, a series of slurries may be generated, each sample in the series comprising a specific solid substrate of different size and/or different concentration to those of other samples. Each slurry can then be treated in accordance with the methods of the invention under a conserved set of reaction conditions. The optimal solid substrate size and/or concentration can then be determined upon analysis and comparison of the products generated from each slurry using standard techniques in the art.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the size of a solid substrate component in the slurry may be between about 10 microns and about 10,000 microns. For example, the size may be more than about 50, 100, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 or 9000 microns. Alternatively, the size may less than about 50, 100, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 or 9000 microns. In some embodiments, the size is between about 10 microns and about 50 microns, between about 10 microns and about 100 microns, between about 10 microns and about 200 microns, between about 10 microns and about 500 microns, between about 10 microns and about 750 microns, or between about 10 microns and about 1000 microns. In other embodiments, the size is between about between about 100 microns and about 1000 microns, between about 100 microns and about 750 microns, between about 100 microns and about 500 microns, or between about 100 microns and about 250 microns.

In some embodiments of the invention, the particle size distributions and particle surface charge characteristics of the organic matter component of the slurry and/or the solid substrate component of the slurry may be optimized in order to provide desirable slurry characteristics when mixed, for example, to obtain minimum viscosity for a given solids content. The optimal particle size and/or particle surface charge of solid components in a given slurry used can readily be determined by a person skilled in the art using standard techniques. For example, a series of slurries may be generated, each sample in the series comprising different particle sizes and/or different concentrations of solid components compared to the other samples. Each slurry can then be treated in accordance with the methods of the invention under a conserved set of reaction conditions. The optimal particle size and/or particle surface charge of solid organic matter components can then be determined upon analysis and comparison of the products generated from each slurry using standard techniques known in the art.

Catalysts

Although the present invention contemplates the use of pulping liquors as an adequate source of catalysts for converting organic matter into bio-products using the methods described herein, intrinsic catalysts and/or additional catalysts may be employed if so desired.

An “intrinsic catalyst” is catalyst that is innately present in a given reaction component such as, for example, any one or more of organic matter feedstock, an aqueous solvent, and/or vessel walls of a reactor apparatus, or, a catalyst that form in situ during the treatment process.

As used herein, a “additional catalysts” is a catalyst incorporated into a feedstock slurry and/or reaction mixture that is supplementary to catalytic compounds present in pulping liquor included in the feedstock slurry, and supplementary to catalytic compounds intrinsically present in organic matter feedstock treated in accordance with the methods of the invention, catalytic compounds intrinsically present in any solvent used in accordance with the methods of the invention, catalytic compounds intrinsically present in a solid substrate used to perform the methods of the invention, and/or catalytic compounds intrinsically present in the walls of a reactor apparatus used to perform the methods of the invention.

Although the use of additional catalyst additive/s (i.e. beyond those in intrisic catalysts) may be advantageous in certain circumstances, the skilled addressee will recognise that the methods of the invention may be performed without using them.

A catalyst additive as contemplated herein may be any catalyst that enhances the formation of biofuel from organic matter (e.g. lignocellulosic feedstock and/or coals such as lignite) using the methods of the invention, non-limiting examples of which include base catalysts, acid catalysts, alkali metal hydroxide catalysts, transition metal hydroxide catalysts, alkali metal formate catalysts, transition metal formate catalysts, reactive carboxylic acid catalysts, transition metal catalysts, sulphide catalysts, noble metal catalysts, water-gas-shift catalysts, and combinations thereof. Suitable catalysts are described, for example, in United States of America patent publication number 2012-0311658 A1 entitled “Methods for biofuel production”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In certain embodiments, an additional catalysts or combination of additional catalysts may be used in an amount of between about 0.1% and about 10% w/v catalysts, between about 0.1% and about 7.5% w/v catalysts, between about 0.1% and about 5% w/v catalysts, between about 0.1% and about 2.5% w/v catalysts, between about 0.1% and about 1% w/v catalysts, or between about 0.1% and about 0.5% w/v catalysts (in relation to the solvent).

Table 1 below provides a summary of various exemplary additional catalysts that may be employed in the methods of the invention and the corresponding reactions that they may catalyse.

TABLE 1 Summary catalysts and corresponding reactions Catalyst Preferred Catalyst Family Specific catalysts/ Reaction Type Family Member example(s) comments Hydrolysis Base catalysts Sub/super- Hydroxide ion critical water in sub/super- critical water All alkali and M = any alkali M = Na, K, Fe, transition metal or transition Ca, Ba salts, both metal A = aluminate, cations and A = anions, phosphate, silicate, anions can including: hydroxide, contribute. aluminate, methoxide, Include all sulfate, sulfite, ethoxide common sulfide carbonate inorganic phosphate, sulphate anions phosphite sulphide nitrate, nitrite disulphide (FeS₂) silicate oxide hydroxide alkoxide carbonate oxide Any organic ammonia, base pyridine, etc. Hydrolysis Acid catalysts Sub/super- Hydronium (slower) critical water ion in sub/super- critical water Any liquid HA, where Acids may form mineral or A = anions, from the in-situ organic acid including: formation of aluminate, carboxylic acids, sulfate, sulfite, phenolics and the sulfide presence of phosphate, minerals phosphite nitrate, nitrite silicate hydroxide alkoxide carbonate carboxy group Dehydration Acid catalysts Sub/super- Hydronium (elimination) critical water ion in sub/super- critical water Any liquid HA, where Acids may form mineral or A = anions, from the in-situ organic acid including: formation of aluminate, carboxylic acids, sulfate, sulfite, phenolics and the sulfide presence of phosphate, minerals. phosphite zeolites or nitrate, nitrite alumino-silicates silicate in general may be hydroxide added alkoxide carbonate carboxy group Transfer Transfer All alkali and M = any alkali M = Na, K Hydrogenation or hydrogenation transition metal or transition in-situ H₂ catalysts hydroxides and metal generation formates All reactive A = A = hydroxide, carboxylic hydroxide, formate acids formate formic, acetic All transition All transition M = Fe, Pd, Pd, and noble and noble Ni metals metals Ru Rh Decarboxylation Largely Acid and All transition Pt/Al₂O3/SiO₂ thermal transition and noble Pd/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ (noble) metal metals Ni/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ cats have been supported on reported to aid solid acids the process Decarbonylation Largely As for As for As for thermal decarboxylation decarboxylation decarboxylation In-situ gasification Largely Transition supported Pt/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ thermal metals transition Pd/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ metals Ni/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ sulfides Fe Fe_(x)S_(y) FeS/Al₂O₃ FeS/SiO₂ FeS/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ Water-Gas Shift WGS Standard WGS As per As per literature catalysts catalysts literature Direct Transition Zero valent Fe, Pt, P, Ni as Hydrogenation metals metals zero valent with H₂ Sulfides FeS, Fe_(x)S_(y) Hydrode- Combined Transition M = transition Pt/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ oxygenation acid and metal and solid metal Pd/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ hydrogenation acid A = acidic Ni/Al₂O₃/SiO₂ catalyst solid NiO/MoO₃ CoO/MoO₃ NiO/WO₂ zeolites loaded with noble metals, e.g. ZSM-5, Beta, ITQ-2

Additional catalysts for use in the methods of the invention may be produced using chemical methods known in the art and/or purchased from commercial sources.

It will be understood that no particular limitation exists regarding the timing at which the additional catalysts may be applied when performing the methods of the invention. For example, the catalyst additive(s) may be added to the organic matter, solvent, pulping liquor, solid substrate, oil additive, or a mixture of one or more of these components (e.g. a slurry) before heating/pressurisation to target reaction temperature and pressure, during heating/pressurisation to target reaction temperature and pressure, and/or after reaction temperature and pressure are reached. The timing at which the additional catalyst is applied may depend on the reactivity of the feedstock utilised. For example, highly reactive feedstocks may benefit from applying the additional catalyst close to or at the target reaction temperature and pressure, whereas less reactive feedstocks may have a broader process window for applying the additional catalyst (i.e. the catalysts may be added prior to reaching target reaction temperature and pressure).

The additional catalysts may be included in a reaction mixture used for treatment according to the present invention prior to heating and/or pressurising the reaction mixture, during heating and/or pressurising of the reaction mixture, and/or after the reaction mixture reaches a desired reaction temperature and/or reaction pressure.

Oil Component

In some preferred embodiments of the invention, the slurry, the reaction mixture, or both comprises organic matter mixed with an oil additive. The oil additive may act as an oil-solvent in the reaction. The oil may be any suitable oil, non-limiting examples of which include paraffinic oil, gas-oil, crude oil, synthetic oil, coal-oil, bio-oil, shale oil/kerogen oil, aromatic oils (i.e. single or multi-ringed components or mixtures thereof), tall oils, triglyceride oils, fatty acids, ether extractables, hexane extractables and any mixture of any of the previous components. The oil may be incorporated into the slurry mixture at any point before target reaction temperature and/or pressure are reached. For example, the oil may be added to the slurry in a slurry mixing tank. Additionally or alternatively, the oil may be added to the slurry en route to a reactor and/or during heating/pressurisation of the slurry.

In particularly preferred embodiments, the oil is a bio-oil product recycled from the process. For example, a portion of the bio-oil produced may be taken off as a side stream and recycled into the slurry, reaction mixture, or both.

In some preferred embodiments, the bio-oil is recycled in combination with solid substrate, each being a component of the bio-product. For example, a portion of the bio-oil produced mixed with solid substrate may be taken off as a side stream and recycled into the slurry, reaction mixture, or both.

No particular limitation exists regarding the proportion of oil additive in a slurry comprising organic matter treated in accordance with the methods of the present invention. For example, the slurry may comprise more than about 2 wt % oil, more than about 5 wt % oil, more than about 10 wt % oil, or more than about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 70 wt % oil. Alternatively, the slurry may comprise less than about 98 wt % oil, less than about 95 wt % oil, less than about 90 wt % oil, or less than about 80, 70, 60, 50, 40 or 30 wt % oil.

In some preferred embodiments the slurry comprises between about 10 wt % and about 30 wt % organic matter, between about 2 wt % and about 15 wt % solid substrate, and between about 50 wt % and about 90 wt % solvent where the solvent is a mixture of oil and aqueous phase in any proportion.

In some preferred embodiments, the slurry comprises between about 40 wt % and about 50 wt % oil. In other preferred embodiments, the slurry comprises about 45 wt % oil.

In other preferred embodiments the slurry comprises a feedstock to oil ratio of 0.5-1.2:1. The oil may be paraffinic oil.

Reaction Conditions

In accordance with the methods of the present invention, organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic matter and/or coal such as lignite) may be treated with a solvent in the presence of pulping liquor as described herein, and optionally in the presence of an oil additive, solid substrate, and/or additive catalysts, under conditions of increased temperature and pressure to produce bio-products.

The specific conditions of temperature and pressure used when practicing the methods of the invention may depend on a number different factors including, for example, the type of solvent used, the type of organic matter feedstock under treatment, the physical form of the organic matter feedstock under treatment, the relative proportions of components in the reaction mixture (e.g. the proportion of solvent, pulping liquor, organic matter feedstock, and optionally additive oil, catalyst additives, and/or any other additional component/s), the types of additive catalyst(s) utilised (if present), the retention time, and/or the type of apparatus in which the methods are performed. These and other factors may be varied in order to optimise a given set of conditions so as to maximise the yield and/or reduce the processing time. In preferred embodiments, all or substantially all of the organic material used as a feedstock is converted into bio-product(s).

Desired reaction conditions may be achieved, for example, by conducting the reaction in a suitable apparatus (e.g. a sub/supercritical reactor apparatus) capable of maintaining increased temperature and increased pressure.

Temperature and Pressure

According to the methods of the present invention a reaction mixture is provided and treated at a target temperature and pressure for a fixed time period (“retention time”) facilitating the conversion of organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic matter and/or coal such as lignite) into bio-product(s). The temperature and/or pressure required to drive conversion of organic feedstock into biofuel using the methods of the invention will depend on a number of factors including the type of organic matter under treatment and the relative proportions of components in the reaction (e.g. the proportion of solvent, pulping liquor, organic matter feedstock, and optionally additive oil, catalyst additives, and/or any other additional component/s), the type and amount of pulping liquor used, the retention time, and/or the type of apparatus in which the methods are performed. Based on the description of the invention provided herein the skilled addressee could readily determine appropriate reaction temperature and pressure for a given reaction mixture. For example, the optimal reaction temperature and/or pressure for a given feedstock slurry may be readily determined by the skilled addressee by preparing and running a series of reactions that differ only by temperature and/or pressure utilised and analysing the yield and/or quality of the target bio-product(s) produced. Proportions of relative components in the reaction mixture can be varied and the same tests conducted again at the same of different temperatures and/or pressures.

The skilled addressee will also recognise that the pressure utilised is a function of the slurry components and pressure drop, induced by the slurry, and strongly dependent on any particular reactor design (e.g. pipe diameter and/or length etc.).

In certain embodiments, treatment of organic matter feedstock to produce a bio-product using the methods of the invention may be conducted at temperature(s) of between about 150° C. and about 550° C. and pressure(s) of between about 10 bar and about 400 bar. Preferably, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 150° C. and about 500° C. and pressure(s) of between about 80 bar and about 350 bar. More preferably the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 180° C. and about 400° C. and pressure(s) of between about 100 bar and about 330 bar. Still more preferably the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 200° C. and about 380° C. and pressure(s) of between about 120 bar and about 250 bar.

In preferred embodiments, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 200° C. and about 400° C., and pressure(s) of between about 100 bar and about 300 bar.

In other preferred embodiments, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 250° C. and about 380° C., and pressure(s) of between about 50 bar and about 300 bar.

In other preferred embodiments, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 320° C. and about 360° C. and pressure(s) of between about 150 bar and about 250 bar. In other preferred embodiments, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 330° C. and about 350° C. and pressure(s) of between about 230 bar and about 250 bar. In another particularly preferred embodiment, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of about 340° C. and pressure(s) of between about 240 bar.

In other preferred embodiments, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of between about 320° C. and about 360° C., and pressure(s) of between about 220 bar and about 250 bar.

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of above about 180° C. and pressure(s) above about 150 bar. In other embodiments, the reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of above about 200° C. and pressure(s) above about 180 bar. In additional embodiments, reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of above about 250° C. and pressure(s) above about 200 bar. In other embodiments, reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of above about 300° C. and pressure(s) above about 250 bar. In other embodiments, reaction mixture is maintained at temperature(s) of above about 350° C. and pressure(s) above about 300 bar.

It will be understood that in certain embodiments a solvent used in the methods of the present invention may be heated and pressurised beyond its critical temperature and/or beyond its critical pressure (i.e. beyond the ‘critical point’ of the solvent). Accordingly, the solvent may be a ‘supercritical’ solvent if heated and pressurised beyond the ‘critical point’ of the solvent.

In certain embodiments a solvent used in the methods of the present invention may be heated and pressurised to level(s) below its critical temperature and pressure (i.e. below the ‘critical point’ of the solvent). Accordingly, the solvent may be a ‘subcritical’ solvent if its maximum temperature and/or maximum pressure is below that of its ‘critical point’. Preferably, the ‘subcritical’ solvent is heated and/or pressurised to level(s) approaching the ‘critical point’ of the solvent (e.g. between about 10° C. to about 50° C. below the critical temperature and/or between about 10 atmospheres to about 50 atmospheres below its critical pressure).

In some embodiments, a solvent used in the methods of the present invention may be heated and pressurised to levels both above and below its critical temperature and pressure (i.e. heated and/or pressurised both above and below the ‘critical point’ of the solvent at different times). Accordingly, the solvent may oscillate between ‘subcritical’ and ‘supercritical’ states when performing the methods.

Retention Time

The specific time period over which the conversion of organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic matter and/or coals such as lignite) may be achieved upon reaching a target temperature and pressure (i.e. the “retention time”) may depend on a number different factors including, for example, the type of organic matter under treatment and the relative proportions of components in the reaction (e.g. the proportion of solvent, pulping liquor, organic matter feedstock, and optionally additive oil, catalyst additives, and/or any other additional component/s), and/or the type of apparatus in which the methods are performed. These and other factors may be varied in order to optimise a given method so as to maximise the yield and/or reduce the processing time. Preferably, the retention time is sufficient to convert all or substantially all of the organic material used as a feedstock into bio-product(s).

In certain embodiments, the retention time is less than about 60 minutes, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 25 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes or less than about 5 minutes. In certain embodiments, the retention time is more than about 60 minutes, 45 minutes, 30 minutes, 25 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes or more than about 5 minutes. In other embodiments, the retention time is between about 1 minute and about 60 minutes. In additional embodiments, the retention time is between about 5 minutes and about 45 minutes, between about 5 minutes and about 35 minutes, between about 10 minutes and about 35 minutes, or between about 15 minutes and about 30 minutes. In further embodiments, the retention time is between about 20 minutes and about 30 minutes.

The optimal retention time for a given set of reaction conditions as described herein may be readily determined by the skilled addressee by preparing and running a series of reactions that differ only by the retention time, and analysing the yield and/or quality of bio-product(s) produced.

Heating/Cooling, Pressurisation/De-Pressurisation

A reaction mixture (e.g. in the form of a slurry) comprising organic matter feedstock (e.g. lignocellulosic matter and/or coals such as lignite), solvent, pulping liquor, and optionally one or more catalyst additives as defined herein may be brought to a target temperature and pressure (i.e. the temperature/pressure maintained for the “retention time”) over a given time period.

Reaction mixes that do not contain a significant proportion of oil additive may require a very fast initial conversion to generate some solvent in-situ. However, the incorporation of oil into the reaction mixture as described herein allows the oil to act as an additional solvent thus alleviating the requirement for rapid heating/pressurisation.

In some embodiments, the reaction mix undergoes a separate pre-heating stage prior to reaching reaction temperature. The pre-heating stage may be performed on a feedstock slurry prior to the full reaction mix being formed. Alternatively the pre-heating stage may be performed on a slurry comprising all components of the reaction mixture. In some embodiments, the pre-heating stage raises the temperature of the feedstock slurry or reaction mixture to a maximum temperature of about: 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 160° C., 170° C., 180° C., 190° C., or 200° C. In other embodiments, the temperature is raised to less than about: 120° C., 130° C., 140° C., 150° C., 160° C., 170° C., 180° C., 190° C., or 200° C. In still other embodiments the temperature is raised to between about 100° C. and about 200° C., between about 100° C. and about 180° C., between about 100° C. and about 160° C., between about 120° C. and about 180° C., or between about 120° C. and about 160° C.

In continuous flow systems, pressure will generally change from atmospheric to target pressure during the time it takes to cross the pump (i.e. close to instantaneous) whereas in a batch system it may mirror the time that it takes to heat the mixture up.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture may be brought to a target temperature and/or pressure in a time period of between about 30 seconds and about 30 minutes.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture may be brought to a target temperature and/or pressure in a time period less than about 15 minutes, less than about 10 minutes, less than about 5 minutes, or less than about 2 minutes.

In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture may be brought to a target pressure substantially instantaneously and brought to a target temperature in less than about 20 minutes, less than about 10 minutes, or less than about 5 minutes. In other embodiments, the reaction mixture may be brought to a target pressure substantially instantaneously and brought to a target temperature in less than about two minutes. In other embodiments, the reaction mixture may be brought to a target pressure substantially instantaneously and brought to a target temperature in between about 1 and about 2 minutes.

Additionally or alternatively, following completion of the retention time period the product mixture generated may be cooled to between about 150° C. and about 200° C., between about 160° C. and about 200° C., preferably between about 170° C. and about 190° C., and more preferably about 180° C., in a time period of less than about 10 minutes, preferably less than about 7 minutes, more preferably less than about 6 minutes, preferably between about 4 and about 6 minutes, and more preferably about 5 minutes. Following the initial cooling period, the temperature may further reduced to ambient temperature with concurrent de-pressurisation by fast release into a cool aqueous medium (e.g. cooled water).

The processes of heating/pressurisation and cooling/de-pressurisation may be facilitated by performing the methods of the present invention in a continuous flow system (see section below entitled “Continuous flow”).

Continuous Flow

Bio-product generation from organic matter feedstocks (e.g. lignocellulosic matter and/o coals such as lignite) using the methods of the present invention may be assisted by performing the methods under conditions of continuous flow.

Although the methods need not be performed under conditions of continuous flow, doing so may provide a number of advantageous effects. For example, continuous flow may facilitate the accelerated implementation and/or removal of heat and/or pressure applied to the slurry. This may assist in achieving the desired rates of mass and heat transfer, heating/cooling and/or pressurisation/de-pressurisation. Continuous flow may also allow the retention time to be tightly controlled. Without limitation to a particular mode of action, it is postulated that the increased speed of heating/cooling and/or pressurisation/de-pressurisation facilitated by continuous flow conditions along with the capacity to tightly regulate retention time assists in preventing the occurrence of undesirable side-reactions (e.g. polymerisation) as the slurry heats/pressurises and/or cools/de-pressurises. Continuous flow is also believed to enhance reactions responsible for conversion of organic matter to biofuel by virtue of generating mixing and shear forces believed to aid in emulsification which may be an important mechanism involved in the transport and “storage” of the oils generated away from the reactive surfaces of the feedstock as well as providing interface surface area for so-called ‘on-water catalysis’.

Accordingly, in preferred embodiments the methods of the present invention are performed under conditions of continuous flow. As used herein, the term “continuous flow” refers to a process wherein organic matter feedstock mixed with a solvent and pulping liquor in the form of a slurry (which may further comprise any one or more of a solid substrate, an oil additive and/or a catalyst additive) is subjected to:

-   -   (a) heating and pressurisation to a target temperature and         pressure,     -   (b) treatment at target temperature(s) and pressure(s) for a         defined time period (i.e. the “retention time”), and     -   (c) cooling and de-pressurisation,

while the slurry is maintained in a stream of continuous movement along the length (or partial length) of a given surface. It will be understood that “continuous flow” conditions as contemplated herein are defined by a starting point of heating and pressurisation (i.e. (a) above) and by an end point of cooling and de-pressurisation (i.e. (c) above).

Continuous flow conditions as contemplated herein imply no particular limitation regarding flow velocity of the slurry provided that it is maintained in a stream of continuous movement.

Preferably, the minimum (volume-independent) flow velocity of the slurry along a given surface exceeds the settling velocity of solid matter within the slurry (i.e. the terminal velocity at which a suspended particle having a density greater than the surrounding solution moves (by gravity) towards the bottom of the stream of slurry).

For example, the minimum flow velocity of the slurry may be above about 0.01 cm/s, above about 0.05 cm/s, preferably above about 0.5 cm/s and more preferably above about 1.5 cm/s. The upper flow velocity may be influenced by factors such as the volumetric flow rate and/or retention time. This in turn may be influenced by the components of a particular reactor apparatus utilised to maintain conditions of continuous flow.

Continuous flow conditions may be facilitated, for example, by performing the methods of the invention in a suitable reactor apparatus. A suitable reactor apparatus will generally comprise heating/cooling, pressurising/de-pressuring and reaction components in which a continuous stream of slurry is maintained.

The use of a suitable flow velocity (under conditions of continuous flow) may be advantageous in preventing scale-formation along the length of a particular surface that the slurry moves along (e.g. vessel walls of a reactor apparatus) and/or generating an effective mixing regime for efficient heat transfer into and within the slurry.

Bio-Products

The methods of the present invention may be used to produce bio-product(s) from organic matter feedstocks (e.g. lignocellulosic matter and/or coals such as lignite). The nature of the bio-product(s) may depend on a variety of different factors including, for example, the organic matter feedstock treated, and/or the reaction conditions/reagents utilised in the methods.

In certain embodiments, the bio-product(s) may comprise one or more biofuels (e.g. bio-oils, char products, gaseous products) and chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals, organic acids, furanics, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, levoglucosan, sorbitol, cylitol, arabinitol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde).

In general, bio-product(s) produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention comprise or consist of a bio-oil. The bio-oil may comprise compounds including, but not limited to, any one or more of alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, phenols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones. The bio-oil may comprise compounds including but not limited to aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, phenols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones, resins and resin acids, and compounds structurally related. to resin acids, alkanes and alkenes, fatty acids and fatty acid esters, sterols and sterol-related compounds, furanic oligomers, cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, cyclopenteneones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentenones, aromatic compounds including naphthalenes and alkyl- and alkoxy—substituted naphthalenes, cresols, alkyl- and alkoxy-phenols, alkyl- and alkoxy-catechols, alkyl- and alkoxy-dihydroxybezenes, alkyl- and alkoxy-hydroquinones, indenes and indene-derivatives.

The bio-oil may comprise multiple phases, including but not limited to a water-soluble aqueous phase which may comprise, compounds including, but not limited to, any one or more of carbohydrates, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, phenols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones, resins and resin acids, and compounds structurally related to resin acids, alkanes and alkenes, fatty acids and fatty acid esters, sterols and sterol-related compounds, furanic oligomers, cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, cyclopenteneones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentenones, aromatic compounds including naphthalenes and alkyl- and alkoxy—substituted naphthalenes, cresols, alkyl- and alkoxy-phenols, alkyl- and alkoxy-catechols, alkyl- and alkoxy-dihydroxybezenes, alkyl- and alkoxy-hydroquinones, indenes and indene-derivatives; and a water-insoluble phase whiCh may comprise, compounds including, but not limited to, any one or more of waxes, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, phenols, furfurals, alcohols, and ketones, resins and resin acids, and compounds structurally related. to resin acids, alkanes and alkenes, fatty acids and fatty acid esters, sterols and sterol-related compounds, furanic oligomers, cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentanones, and cyclohexanones, cyclopenteneones, alkyl- and alkoxy-cyclopentenones, aromatic compounds including naphthalenes and alkyl- and alkoxy—substituted naphthalenes, cresols, alkyl- and alkoxy-phenols, alkyl- and alkoxy-catechols, alkyl- and alkoxy-dihydroxybezenes, alkyl- and alkoxy-hydroquinones, indenes and indene-derivatives.

Other non-limiting examples of the bio-products include oil char (e.g. carbon char with bound oils), char, and gaseous product (e.g. methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide, ethane, ethene, propene, propane).

In some embodiments, a biofuel may be produced from organic matter comprising lignocellulosic matter. The biofuel may comprise a liquid phase comprising bio-oil.

Biofuels (e.g. bio-oils) produced in accordance with the methods of the invention may comprise a number of advantageous features, non-limiting examples of which include reduced oxygen content, increased hydrogen content, increased energy content and increased stability. In addition, bio-oils produced by the methods of the invention may comprise a single oil phase containing the liquefaction product. The product may be separated from the oil phase using, for example, centrifugation eliminating the need to evaporate large amounts of water.

In some embodiments, a bio-oil product made in accordance with the methods of the present invention may be purified by dissolving the bio-oil in a purifying solvent followed by filtration of the resulting solution to remove particulates and insoluble material. Dissolving the bio-oil in the purifying solvent may have the effect of reducing the viscosity of the bio-oil which may assist the filtration process.

Optionally, the purifying solvent may be wholly or partly recovered by distillation following filtration, for example, by distillation under reduced pressure, thereby causing residual water in the oil to separate as a discrete phase, after which the water may be recovered by physical means such as decantation from the oil. If the purifying solvent used forms an azeotrope with water, this property may also be used to remove water from the bio-oil during the distillation processes.

Any purifying solvent in which the bio-oil dissolves may be used. Non-limiting examples of suitable purifying solvents include acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, chloroform, ketones, alcohols, furans, and any combination thereof Complex multicomponent purifying solvents may be used including, by way of non-limiting example only, light cycle oil, naphtha, and distilled fractions of bio-oil produced according to the methods of the present invention (i.e. a recycled bio-oil product) such as, for example, a fraction of the bio-oil with a boiling point between about 60° C. and about 150° C.).

A bio-oil bio-product produced in accordance with the methods of the invention may comprise an energy content of greater than about 25 MJ/kg, greater than about 30 MJ/kg, more preferably greater than about 32 MJ/kg, more preferably greater than about 35 MJ/kg, still more preferably greater than about 37 MJ/kg, 38 MJ/kg or 39 MJ/kg, and most preferably above about 41 MJ/kg. The bio-oil product may comprise less than about 20% oxygen, preferably less than about 15% wt db oxygen, more preferably less than about 10% wt db oxygen, still more preferably less than about 8% wt db oxygen, still more preferably less than about 7% wt db oxygen, and most preferably less than about 5% wt db oxygen. The bio-oil product may comprise greater than about 6% wt db hydrogen, preferably greater than about 7% wt db hydrogen, more preferably greater than about 8% wt db hydrogen, and still more preferably greater than about 9% wt db hydrogen. The molar hydrogen:carbon ratio of a bio-oil of the invention may be less than about 1.5, less than about 1.4, less than about 1.3, less than about 1.2, or about 1.0.

A bio-oil produced in accordance with the methods of the invention may comprise, for example, any one or more of the following classes of compounds: phenols, aromatic and aliphatic acids, ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, furans, furfurals, terpenes, polycyclics, oligo- and polymers of each of the aforementioned classes, plant sterols, modified plant sterols, asphaltenes, pre-asphaltenes, and waxes.

A char or oil char bio-product produced in accordance with the methods of the invention may comprise an energy content of greater than about 20 MJ/kg, preferably greater than about 25 MJ/kg, more preferably greater than about 30 MJ/kg, and still more preferably greater than about 31 MJ/kg, 32 MJ/kg, 33 MJ/kg or 34 MJ/kg. The char or oil char product may comprise less than about 20% wt db oxygen, preferably less than about 15% wt db oxygen, more preferably less than about 10% wt db oxygen and still more preferably less than about 9% wt db oxygen. The char or oil char product may comprise greater than about 2% wt db hydrogen, preferably greater than about 3% wt db hydrogen, more preferably greater than about 4% wt db hydrogen, and still more preferably greater than about 5% wt db hydrogen. The molar hydrogen:carbon ratio of a char or oil char product of the invention may be less than about 1.0, less than about 0.9, less than about 0.8, less than about 0.7, or less than about 0.6.

An oil char bio-product produced in accordance with the methods of the invention may comprise, for example, any one or more of the following classes of compounds: phenols, aromatic and aliphatic acids, ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, furans, furfurals, terpenes, polycyclics, oligo- and polymers of each of the aforementioned classes, asphaltenes, pre-asphaltenes, and waxes.

A char bio-product (upgraded PCI equivalent coal) produced in accordance with the methods of the invention may comprise, for example, a mixture of amorphous and graphitic carbon with end groups partially oxygenated, giving rise to surface carboxy- and alkoxy groups as well as carbonyl and esters.

Bio-products produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention may comprise one or more biofuels (e.g. bio-oils, char products, gaseous products) and chemical products (e.g. platform chemicals, organic acids, furanics, furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, levoglucosan, sorbitol, cylitol, arabinitol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde).

Bio-products produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention may be cleaned and/or separated into individual components using standard techniques known in the art.

For example, solid and liquid phases of biofuel products (e.g. from the conversion of coal) may be filtered through a pressure filter press, or rotary vacuum drum filter in a first stage of solid and liquid separation. The solid product obtained may include a high carbon char with bound oils. In certain embodiments, the oil may be separated from the char, for example, by thermal distillation or by solvent extraction. The liquid product obtained may contain a low percentage of light oils, which may be concentrated and recovered though an evaporator.

Bio-products produced in accordance with the methods of the present invention may be used in any number of applications. For example, biofuels may be blended with other fuels, including for example, ethanol, diesel and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the biofuels may be upgraded into higher fuel products. Additionally or alternatively, the biofuels may be used directly, for example, as petroleum products and the like.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

EXAMPLES

The invention will now be described with reference to specific examples, which should not be construed as in any way limiting.

In the following Examples, the thermochemical conversion process utilised is also referred to as “Cat-HTR”.

Example 1 Bio-Oil Production from Feedstocks using Black Liquor Additive Materials and Methods

Australian Radiata pine was run with black liquor to establish the catalytic action of black liquor and suitable operating temperatures. In the same manner, hog fuel trials were run alternately using sodium hydroxide and then with black liquor. Finally, mixed feedstocks containing hog fuel, SPF wood chip, and paper sludge were processed with black liquor.

Pre-processing trials were conducted on the feedstocks to prepare them to specifications of the small pilot plant (SPP). Dry-milling of the feedstocks followed by Cat-HTR processing in the small pilot plant led to successful production of bio-crude (bio-oil) from the feedstocks, in particular from a mixture of hog fuel, SPF wood chip, sludge and black liquor.

The resulting bio-crudes had gross calorific values (GCV) on a dry ash free basis in the range of 33-36 MJ/kg. For comparison, diesel fuel has a GCV (or energy content) of about 45 MJ/kg and unprocessed dry wood about 18-21 MJ/kg. Licella has demonstrated that distilled bio-crudes from Radiata pine wood flour with initial energy contents in this range can be successfully hydroprocessed to give hydrocarbons compatible with refinery streams at an advanced stage of processing to finished fuels. It was confirmed in the trials that the alkaline inorganic components of black liquor are capable of substituting for the alkaline catalysts typically used by Licella in order to produce high energy density bio-crudes. That is, as well as supplying liquid phase biomass to the reactors, the black liquor can obviate the need to add additional alkaline catalysts in the Cat-HTR process. The highest proportion of black liquor used in testing was approximately 1 part of dry wood feedstock to 0.65 parts of black liquor (analysis as per table 4). The highest level of black liquor used was determined in this instance by the level of sulphur compatible with the materials of construction of the SPP and the expected levels of hydrogen sulphide in the producer gas, consistent with safe operation of the plant.

Summary of Feedstock Trials Feedstock Preparation

Feedstocks utilised were:

-   SPF wood chip (spruce-fir-pine wood chip) -   Hog fuel (wood residue including wood chips, bark, and the like) -   Paper sludge -   Black liquor

Approximately 100 kg on a dry basis of each solid feedstock was obtained. Most types of feedstock required some degree of preparation before processing. Solid materials are processed as slurries in water or other solvents, and the particle size of the solid materials is of a size suitable for producing a slurry that can be pumped at high pressure. The small pilot plant (SPP), due to its small pump valve orifices, requires a greater degree of comminution of the feedstock than would a commercial facility. For the SPP, specifically, it is preferred to reduce to the maximum particle size to about 150 microns diameter. Both wet and dry grinding have been utilized, and dry grinding has usually been employed for the smaller particle sized required for the SPP.

Solid Feedstock Preparation

Subsequent to the wet-grinding activities, dry grinding of the wood chip, hog fuel and sludge feedstocks was carried out by a contracted firm Aximill, using modified compressed air jet mills, reference http://www.aximill.com. The feedstock is supplied at approximately 10% moisture (however all feedstock mass within this report is quoted on a dry basis). The particle size is reduced to sub 130 micron, typical particle size distribution data is available upon request (however this feedstock is peculiar to the requirements of the SPP and unlikely to be of interests in subsequent large scale testing). The tested feedstock analysis is presented below, including proximate, ultimate, and ash constituent analyses in the feedstock analysis section of this document.

Black Liquor Preparation for Cat-HTR

As received black liquor (per Table 4) was diluted 100% with water by volume. The diluted mixture was filtered through a 250 micron sieve to remove oversize particles and contaminants such as plastic and wood chips etc. to be compliant with pump specifications on the small pilot plant. The amount of material removed was a negligible fraction of the overall sample. The filtered, diluted black liquor was then used as a stock liquor for addition at various levels to other feedstocks for Cat-HTR. This stock liquor is referred to as ‘stock black liquor’.

TABLE 2 Properties of Stock Black Liquor The properties of this stock 1.14 SG of stock black liquor black liquor are (diluted mixture) kg/L 1 kg Stock Black Liquor Contains: 0.439 L of black liquor (per Table 4) 1 kg Stock Black Liquor Contains: 0.561 kg of black liquor (per Table 4)

Run Summary

A detailed description of individual runs is provided in Example 2. Table 3 below gives a summary of all experiments conducted during the course of this study, irrespective of outcome.

TABLE 3 Summary of run conditions Run ID No. Feedstock Liquid Catalyst Summary Outcome 20140521 8% Licella radiata 1 kg stock black liquor Successful trial on dry ground Successful pine *^(note1) per dry kg wood radiata pine and black liquor 20140523 8% Licella radiata 1.3 kg stock black liquor Successful trial on dry ground Successful pine *^(note1) per dry kg wood radiata pine and a higher concentration of black liquor 20140716 7.8% hog fuel 12% sodium hydroxide Successful trial on dry ground Successful hog fuel slurry. 20140724 8% hog fuel 1.3 kg stock black liquor Successful trial on dry ground Successful per dry kg wood hog fuel slurry. 20140731 6.4% hog fuel, 1.44% 1.3 kg stock black liquor Successful trial on dry ground Successful wood, 0.16% sludge per dry kg mix mixed component slurry. 20140814 6.4% hog fuel, 1.44% 1.3 kg stock black liquor Successful trial on dry ground Successful wood, 0.16% sludge per dry kg mix mixed component slurry.

Chemical Analysis Proximate Analysis

Proximate Analysis methods for Bio-Crude and feedstocks.

Weigh and heat a sample in a crucible at 900° C., volatile matter and fixed carbon are determined according to AS_(2434.2.) Volatile matter and fixed carbon are stated for feedstocks only.

Solid feedstock and oil product ash yield is performed according to HRL method 1.6. The sample is held at 815° C. in an open crucible until the weight is stable.

The results of a proximate analysis are ash content, volatile mater and fixed carbon which are determined as percentages of the sample mass, on dry basis. Results allow for an estimate of the “reactivity” of feedstocks, and amount of “solids” expected.

Ultimate Analysis

Ultimate analysis is performed by HRL method 1.4 sample in a CHN analyser. Ultimate analysis is a breakdown of the sample in its most important elements—carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. The oxygen content is a key indicator as it is inversely correlated to the energy content of the sample. The Cat-HTR process can be operated in a way to retain or to remove oxygen according to the operating conditions. Depending on the target chemical fractions or purpose of the bio-crude, the remaining oxygen may be reduced at the refinery stage by hydrogenation to obtain the highest energy density; or the oxygen is maintained within the bio-crude as an oxygenated chemical feedstock containing phenols (for resins and plasticisers and chemical precursors of pharmaceuticals). The hydrogen and the carbon are the main contributors to the energy content of the bio-crude. Sulphur is of interest for materials selection on the Cat-HTR plant, it is a factor that influences capital cost of Cat-HTR plant. Sulphur in the bio-crude can be removed, along with oxygen and nitrogen in a hydroprocessing unit of a refinery or a dedicated hydrotreater. Sulphur is measured by HRL method 1.14 in an ICP or sulphur analyser mounted within a furnace. Sulphur levels in the oil product are measured by USEPA method 5050. The gross calorific value is a direct result of the composition. It represents the energy available from combustion of the sample. Chlorine is measured as high levels of chlorine or chloride have potential to corrode plant steels.

Ash composition is a measure of inorganic components present in the samples, for general feedstock and product quality assessment. Lignocellulosic materials including black liquor contain inorganic compounds, and some of the insoluble inorganics are expected to be carried over to the bio-crude product. Prior to further refining, e.g. by hydroprocessing, the ash should be removed, as some ash components are likely to adversely affect the catalysts used in hydroprocessing. Distillation is the most common way to do this, and a key difference between bio-crudes from Cat-HTR and pyrolysis bio-oils from e.g. fast pyrolysis is that the bio-crudes can be distilled but the pyrolysis oils cannot. This is because pyrolysis oils have high oxygen contents and low stability. Ash content of bio-crude may be removed by a distillation process at the front end of a refinery. Ash content is reported as a percentage on dry basis, the ash composition as reported in this document assumes that the inorganics are in their oxide forms. This assumption may mean that the sum of ash composition may exceed 100% and some other inorganics might not be accounted for.

Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction is performed on a measured amount of the water phase product using diethyl ether to dissolve and separate recoverable oils from the water phase. Ether extraction produces results quantifying both the ether extractable chemicals and the residues of ether extraction.

Ether extractable chemicals are oils that are lighter fractions including alcohols, ketones, phenols and short chain hydrocarbons. Many of the phenols are used in the flavouring and essence industries. Solvent extraction is used as a rapid method of quantifying these organic components, that are potentially recoverable in a commercial plant, thereby adding to the overall oil yield and possibly representing an additional product stream of interest to the fine chemicals industry.

Residue from the extraction includes soluble ash from the feedstock, catalyst and water soluble (non-ether soluble) organics. The latter group includes glycolic and lactic acids, used respectively in the cosmetics and biopolymers industries. The catalyst can be regenerated, however, as it is inexpensive the choice between regenerating the catalyst and treating and disposing of the brine generated is influenced by site-specific factors. Potassium-based catalysts can also be used, in which case the catalyst residues plus additional potassium from the biomass may find application as fertilizer products.

Method of Ether Extraction

-   Weigh 100 g of sample. -   Acidify to pH around 5, using sulphuric acid. -   Add 100 to 150 ml ether. -   Shake not stir. -   Settle for 10 minutes, watching for separation by density. -   Drain water off the bottom. -   Pour ether into an evaporator flask, weighed before and after     collection of ether extractables. -   The ether extraction cycle is performed 3 times, on the same water,     using fresh ether each time.

Residues are extracted from the water by drying at 110° C. in air and collecting (weighing) the solids.

There are some water soluble compounds derived from the wood that are not assessed by these methods, e.g. low molecular weight alcohols and ketones such as methanol, ethanol, and acetone. These compounds are known from 1H NMR and GC analysis to be present in significant quantity Cat-HTR liquors when Radiata pine is processed. Based on quantitation from previous studies on Radiata pine, a contribution to the mass balance of 6% of the organic material present in the feedstock has been included in the mass balances in this report.

Water Analysis

In addition to the gravimetric analysis by solvent extraction described above, water samples were analysed by Envirolab Services for a range of water quality parameters.

Results

TABLE 4 Feedstock Analysis Results Spruce Radiata Pine Black Pine Fir Hogfuel Liquor Proximate Analysis Moisture 5.7 43.8 60.0 53.9 (% wt ar) Ash 0.6 0.6 2.2 47.1 (% wt db) Volatiles 79.8 79.5 79.4 (% wt db) Fixed C. 19.7 19.9 23.5 (% wt db) Ultimate Analysis GCV 20.8 18.6 (MJ/kg db) GCV 21.0 18.7 (MJ/kg daf) Carbon 52.3 52.1 52.9 37.5 (% wt db) Hydrogen 6.2 6.3 6.0 1.7 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.06 0.21 0.25 <0.01 (% wt db) Sulphur 0.01 0.01 0.02 4.77 (% wt db) Oxygen 40.8 40.8 38.7 3.2 (% wt db) Chlorine 0.21 (%) Molar 1.4 0.04 H/C Ratio Ash Constituents SiO2 2.3 1.1 (% oxide in ash) (% wt db) Al2O3 1.1 0.62 (% wt db) Fe2O3 0.69 0.28 (% wt db) TiO2 0.04 0.02 (% wt db) K2O 16.3 7.6 (% wt db) MgO 7.9 3.2 (% wt db) Na2O 0.42 0.3 (% wt db) CaO 33.9 46.7 (% wt db) SO3 1.2 1 (% wt db) P2O5 2.2 2.5 (% wt db) Mn3O4 2.3 1.5 (% wt db) SrO 0.12 0.24 (% wt db) BaO 0.3 0.6 (% wt db) ZnO 0.28 0.42 (% wt db) CuO 0.2 0.06 (% wt db) Cr2O3 0.04 0 (% wt db) Co3O4 0 0 (% wt db) NiO 0.02 0 (% wt db) V2O5 0 0 (% wt db)

Comparison of Feedstocks

Radiata Pine wood flour was used as a benchmark feedstock for biomass Cat-HTR. The SPF woodchip is unsurprisingly quite similar to the Radiata Pine in terms of proximate and ultimate analyses. The Hog Fuel has a higher ash content than either of the foregoing feedstocks, this is likely attributable to higher levels of bark, needles and other contaminants. The ash is dominated by calcium, which is basic under most conditions, and may have a catalytic effect in Cat-HTR. The sludge has a high ash content and the composition of the ash is dominated by calcium, which again may have a catalytic effect in Cat-HTR. The mixed feedstock used in the last two runs listed in table 3 can be expected to be dominated by the hog fuel and black liquor properties that comprise most of the feed.

One subtle but potentially significant difference between runs with sodium hydroxide as catalyst and with black liquor as catalyst is the point at which the catalyst is added into the process. In the SPP sodium hydroxide catalyst is normally injected at high pressure, after preheating of the feedstock slurry and mixing with the steam to heat the slurry to reaction temperature have occurred. In contrast, the black liquor trials have black liquor premixed into the slurry in the atmospheric pressure slurry mixing tank. The slurry and black liquor mixture passes through the main slurry high pressure pump, through the preheaters and through to the steam injection point. There it gains its final temperature for entry into the reactors. A consequence of the different processing approach is that the slurries containing the black liquor can be expected to start reacting earlier in the Cat-HTR process than those where the catalyst is added at a later point.

Trial Results

Tables 5 and 6 display a summary of mass balance data and non-condensable gas compositions.

TABLE 5 Summary of experimental trials liquids mass balance Run ID No. 20140521 20140523 20140716 20140724 20140731 20140814 Feedstock 8% Licella 8% Licella 7.8% hog fuel 8% hog fuel 6.4% hog fuel, 6.4% hog fuel, radiata pine radiata pine 1.44% wood, 1.44% wood, 0.16% sludge 0.16% sludge Liquid Catalyst 1 kg diluted 1.3 kg diluted 12% sodium 1.3 kg diluted 1.3 kg diluted 1.3 kg diluted black liquor per black liquor per hydroxide black liquor per black liquor per black liquor per dry kg wood dry kg wood dry kg wood dry kg mix dry kg mix T4 Injection time (mins) 67 71 68 92 83 61 Percent solids in feed 9.96% 10.49% 7.8% 10.5% 9.9% 9.7% Percent solids in reactors 4.0% 4.2% 2.9% 4.3% 4.0% 3.5% Solids in feed (kg) 4.1 4.5 2.8 6.2 5.0 3.0 Product recovered (wet kg) 1.085 1.118 0.763 1.258 1.134 0.521 Moisture content of oil (%) 12.4% 18.5% 14.7% 16.7% 12.9% 20.1% Bio crude recovered (dry kg) 0.951 0.912 0.651 1.048 0.988 0.416 Bio crude yield (dry) 23.0% 20.4% 23.3% 17.0% 19.6% 13.7% NCG gas measured (m3/hr) 0.43 0.43 0.34 0.43 0.47 0.42 NCG density (kg/m3) 1.59 1.55 1.23 1.60 1.60 1.52 NCG (kg/hr) 0.830 0.809 0.515 0.835 0.914 0.784 Solids in feed (kg/hr) 3.709 3.767 2.434 4.018 3.635 2.990 NCG Yield 22.4% 21.5% 21.2% 20.8% 25.1% 26.2% Total feed to T4 - NCG (kg) 103.7 104.4 93.6 141.5 124.4 85.5 Ether extractable in liquor (%) 0.48% 0.56% 0.394% 0.402% 1.440% 0.574% Ether extractable in liquor (kg) 0.49 0.59 0.37 0.57 1.79 0.49 Ether extractable yield 11.9% 13.2% 13.2% 9.2% 35.6% 16.1% Solid residue in liquor (%) 0.64% 1.05% 1.40% 0.81% 0.88% 0.66% Solid residue in liquor (kg) 0.66 1.09 1.31 1.15 1.10 0.56 Solid residue from catalyst (kg) 0 0 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 Solid residue in liquor yield 16.0% 24.5% 34.9% 18.7% 21.8% 18.4% % black liquor solids in feed 25.6% 30.9% 0.0% 31.0% 30.9% 30.9% % Inorganic material in feed 12.1% 14.5% 0.0% 14.6% 15.9% 15.9% Organic material in feed (kg) 3.64 3.81 2.79 5.26 4.23 4.23 Methanol ethanol & acetone yield (kg) 0.22 0.23 0.17 0.32 0.25 0.25 Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.28% 5.13% 6.00% 5.13% 5.04% 5.04% Yield Summary Oil Yield (dry) 23.0% 20.4% 23.3% 17.0% 19.6% 13.7% NCG Yield 22.4% 21.5% 21.2% 20.8% 25.1% 26.2% Ether extractable yield 11.9% 13.2% 13.2% 9.2% 35.6% 16.1% Solid residue in liquor yield 16.0% 24.5% 34.9% 18.7% 21.8% 18.4% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.3% 5.1% 6.0% 5.1% 5.0% 5.0% Total 78.54% 84.76% 98.58% 70.87% 107.24% 79.54% Cooler inlet temp 335 335 315 315 310 335 Estimated mixing(Reactor inlet) temp 355 355 335 335 330 355 Liquor pH 5.59 7.17 8.18 7.15 7.09 7.07

TABLE 6 Summary of Cat-HTR trials non-condensable gases Run ID Meth- Carbon Ethyl- Propyl- Carbon H2S HHV NCG No. ane Monoxide Hydrogen ene Ethane ene Propane Dioxide (ppm) (MJ/kg) Yield R pine + 1:1 black liquor 20140521 4.51% 0.11% 10.11% 0.43% 0.69% 1.84% 0.37% 81.68% 2537 3.50 22.37% R pine + 1:1.3 black liquor 20140523 5.34% 0.05% 12.00% 0.37% 0.83% 1.60% 0.38% 79.21% 2173 3.84 21.48% Hogfuel + catalyst 20140716 3.69% 0.01% 31.24% 0.36% 0.58% 1.04% 0.38% 62.71% <150 5.61 21.16% Hogfuel + BL 20140724 5.00% 0.05% 9.56% 0.29% 0.71% 1.59% 0.38% 82.23% 1779 3.40 20.79% Full mix 20140731 4.79% 0.04% 9.74% 0.28% 0.77% 1.46% 0.41% 82.32% 1749 3.33 25.15% Full mix higher temp 20140814 5.12% 0.04% 13.75% 0.36% 0.86% 1.36% 0.38% 77.93% 2582 3.88 26.24%

The mass balances are closed to the extent that 79-107% of the mass of feedstock entering the Cat-HTR reactor during a certain steady state period of operation has been identified in the products collected from the tank in which it was captured (known as T4) or the gas stream venting from it. The exception is the run of 24/07/14 (hog fuel plus black liquor) which was very poorly closed. Typically with radiata pine wood flour runs we expect the mass balance to close in the vicinity of 85-100%. It should be noted that the mass balances are approximate only and are based on a number of simplifications and approximations, for the reason that it is not possible to quantify every component in the complex.

The wider variation in the extent of closure of the mass balance in with the feedstocks is most probably related to the greater complexity of the black liquor's inorganic components and the resulting uncertainty in the water phase composition.

Bio-Crude Yields

Typical bio-crude yields from a Radiata pine wood flour feedstock in the Small Pilot Plant are mid-to-low twenties percent on a dry wood feed basis. Those yields are lower than obtained in Licella's Larger Pilot Plants which are typically around mid-thirties percent or more.

The main reason for the difference is the lower maximum slurry concentrations that can be pumped in the SPP, and the amount of steam used for heating the slurry to reaction temperature, which is much larger for the SPP than for the LPP. Generally, higher concentrations of biomass in the Cat-HTR reactor (and lower concentrations of water) favour higher yields of bio-crude at the expense of the proportion of the organic material that dissolves in the water phase.

Superficially, conversion of around ⅓ of the feed biomass to bio-crude may like quite a low yield, however, considerable energy densification has occurred in that step by removal of oxygen. More than half of mass of the sugar polymers comprising hemicellulose and cellulose is oxygen. The oxygen is removed mainly as carbon dioxide gas but also as salts of small carboxylic acids such as sodium acetate which dissolve in the water phase. A rule of thumb for the fate of woody biomass in Cat-HTR is that one third of the mass is converted to biocrude, one third to gas, mainly CO2, and one third to water soluble chemicals. The bio-crude yields from the feedstocks are generally in line with those expected from the SPP, with the exception of 14/08/14 run where the amount of bio-crude recovered was low. The reason for this is unknown, but it is likely that some bio-crude was trapped in the apparatus and not recovered.

Gas Yields & Compositions

Generally, non-condensable gas (NCG) yields are slightly lower for all experiments than typical (30%) for Radiata Pine wood flour under conditions of 12% catalyst loading, 240 bar pressure and 340 degrees. In the case of the radiata pine plus black liquor runs this is likely due to slightly lower gasification activity of the black liquor derived catalysts and to the reduced proportion of cellulose (black liquor contains mostly lignin and hemicellulose as organic components) compared to radiata pine wood flour. In the case of the hog fuel dominated runs the lower NCG make is probably also related to the lower temperature reaction temperatures chosen. The main difference in gas composition between sodium hydroxide catalysed runs and black liquor catalysed runs is that the hydrogen make is lower and the hydrogen sulphide make is higher for the latter systems. The H₂S make for sodium hydroxide catalysed systems with radiata pine feed is essentially negligible. The proportion of H₂S in the gas is not a simple function of black liquor concentration, as can be seen from the first two entries in tables 5 and 6. This is possibly a function of the pH of the aqueous phase. A typical wood+sodium hydroxide catalyst product by Licella produces approximately 20% H₂ by volume in the non-condensable gas product. The hog fuel+sodium hydroxide run produced a greater fraction of H₂ than this, possibly indicating that the ash components in the hog fuel have some catalytic activity in gasification.

Water-Phase Components

The water-soluble components have the greatest uncertainty associated with them, particularly in the case of those runs utilizing black liquor. In the case of radiata pine plus sodium hydroxide catalyst, the dominant water soluble components are acetates, hydrogen carbonates, phenols, ketones, catechols, ethanol and methanol, and humic materials (brown water soluble compounds, insoluble in diethyl ether). In the case of the black liquor as catalyst, the water soluble chemistry is likely to be more complex still.

The Ultimate and Proximate analysis of bio-crude product is tabulated below, providing direct comparison of all successful Cat-HTR trials. Individual runs are described in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Summary of Experimental Trials Bio-Crude Product Radiata Radiata Hog Fuel + Hog Mixed Mixed Radiata Pine BL Pine BL Catalyst Fuel + BL Feed + BL Feed + BL Pine Description 20140521 20140523 20140716 20140724 20140731 20140814 Typical Proximate Moisture 8 1.6 6 7.5 4 Analysis (% wt ar) Ash 0.5 0.4 6.6 2.8 2.6 2.0 (% wt db) Volatiles 0.79 (% wt db) Fixed C. (% wt db) Ultimate GCV 34.8 34.2 33.9 32.6 33.0 33.0 Analysis (MJ/kg db) GCV 34.97 34.34 36.29 33.50 33.89 33.66 33.50 (MJ/kg daf) Carbon 73.4 80.3 76.7 75.1 79.2 77.6 33.8 (% wt db) Hydrogen 6.5 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.4 6.9 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 (% wt db) Sulphur 0.6 0.7 0.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 (% wt db) Oxygen 18.9 13.0 9.6 12.7 10.2 12.4 (% wt db) Chlorine (%) Molar H/C Ratio Ash SiO2 3.6 5.4 0.8 3 3.3 3.3 Constituents (% wt db) (% oxide Al2O3 4.4 3.9 1.7 3.7 4.9 5 in ash) (% wt db) Fe2O3 5.6 2.5 1.4 9.9 6.6 5.1 (% wt db) TiO2 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.13 0.15 0.21 (% wt db) K2O 1.4 3.7 0.34 0.44 0.72 0.81 (% wt db) MgO 1.7 2 3.7 3.7 4.8 4.8 (% wt db) Na2O 13.1 27.9 7.2 3.6 5.5 6.7 (% wt db) CaO 3.2 3.7 46.6 36.2 42.1 42.4 (% wt db) SO3 19.1 38 1.1 24.3 20.6 19.9 (% wt db) P2O5 0.6 0.51 2.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 (% wt db) Mn3O4 0.24 0.32 1.17 1.39 0.3 0.3 (% wt db) SrO <0.01 <0.01 0.17 0.17 0.6 0.5 (% wt db) BaO 0.04 0.04 0.4 0.5 <0.1 0.1 (% wt db) ZnO 0.2 0.16 0.31 0.56 <0.1 <0.1 (% wt db) CuO 0.36 0.32 0.11 0.17 0.2 0.2 (% wt db) Cr2O3 0.16 0.07 0.02 0.02 1.7 2.3 (% wt db) Co3O4 0 0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 (% wt db) NiO 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02 <0.1 <0.1 (% wt db) V2O5 0.52 0.09 0 0 0.5 0.6 (% wt db) Radiata Pine Wood Flour with Black Liquor 20140521 Operating Conditions (wood flour w/-black liquor 20140521)

Table 8 below shows the operating conditions of the mass balance run on Radiata Pine Wood Flour. This run produced the samples of Bio-Crude Oil, syngas and water, that are presented in the next section.

TABLE 8 Cat-HTR Operating Conditions, Radiata Wood Flour 2014 May 21 Reactor Temperature 355° C. Reactor Pressure 220 to 249 bar Reactor Residence Time 25 minutes

Mass Balance (Wood Flour W/-Black Liquor 20140521)

A product mass balance summary of the trial is provided in Table 9 below. 4.1 kg of Stock Black liquor was used in this feedstock slurry (1:1 by mass db).

TABLE 9 Wood Flour Black Liquor Mass Balance 2014 May 21 Date 2014 May 21 Feedstock 8% Licella radiata pine Liquid Catalyst 1 kg stock black liquor per dry kg wood T4 Injection time (mins) 67 Percent Solids in Feed 9.96% Percent solids in reactors 4.0% Solids in feed (kg) 4.1 product recovered (wet kg) 1.085 Moisture content of oil (%) 12.4% Bio crude recovered (dry kg) 0.951 Bio crude yield (dry) 23.0% NCG gas measured (m3/hr) 0.43 NCG density (kg/m3) 1.59 NCG (kg/hr) 0.830 Solids in feed (kg/hr) 3.709 NCG yield 22.4% Total feed to T4 - NCG (kg) 103.7 Ether extractable in liquor (%) 0.48% Ether extractable in liquor (kg) 0.49 Ether extractable yield 11.9% Solid residue in liquor (%) 0.64% Solid residue in liquor (kg) 0.66 Solid residue from catalyst (kg) 0 Solid residue in liquor yield 16.0% % black liquor solids in feed 25.6% % Inorganic material in feed 12.1% Organic material in feed (kg) 3.64 Methanol ethanol & acetone yield (kg) 0.22 Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.28% Yield Summary Bio crude yield (dry) 23.0% NCG yield 22.4% Ether extractable yield 11.9% Solid residue in liquor yield 16.0% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.3% Total 78.54% Cooler inlet temp 335 Estimated mixing (Reactor inlet) temp 355 Notes: All mass balance data is referenced to the feedstock mass on a dry basis.

Gas Analysis (Wood Flour W/-Black Liquor 20140521)

TABLE 10 Non Condensable Gas Analysis from Radiata Wood Flour 20140521 Methane CO Hydrogen Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane CO₂ H₂S 4.51 0.11% 10.11% 0.43% 0.43% 1.84% 0.37% 81.7% 0.25%

Bio-crude Analysis of Wood Chip 20140521

TABLE 11 Analysis of Bio-Crude Oil (wood flour w/- black liquor 2014 May 21) Pine BL Description 2014 May 21 Proximate Analysis Moisture 8 (% wt ar) Ash 0.5 (% wt db) Volatiles (% wt db) Fixed C. (% wt db) Ultimate Analysis GCV 34.8 (MJ/kg Carbon 73.4 (% wt db) Hydrogen 6.5 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.11 (% wt db) Sulphur 0.56 (% wt db) Oxygen (% wt db) Chlorine (%) Molar H/C Ratio Ash Constituents SiO2 3.6 (% oxide in ash) (% wt db) Al2O3 4.4 (% wt db) Fe2O3 5.6 (% wt db) TiO2 0.08 (% wt db) K2O 1.4 (% wt db) MgO 1.7 (% wt db) Na2O 13.1 (% wt db) CaO 3.2 (% wt db) SO3 19.1 (% wt db) P2O5 0.6 (% wt db) Mn3O4 0.24 (% wt db) SrO <0.01 (% wt db) BaO 0.04 (% wt db) ZnO 0.2 (% wt db) CuO 0.36 (% wt db) Cr2O3 0.16 (% wt db) Co3O4 0 (% wt db) NiO 0.04 (% wt db) V2O5 0.52 (% wt db) The Bio-Crude Oil has a gross calorific value of 35 MJ/kg.

Solvent Extraction of Bio-Crude

Extraction of the oil from wood chip process water with the solvent diethyl ether gave 11.9% extractables as a fraction of the feedstock (dry basis). Total oils recoverable (bio-crude plus ether extractables were 34.9% of the feed mass.

Radiata Pine Wood Flour with Black Liquor 20140523 Operating Conditions (wood flour w/-black liquor 20140523)

Table 12 below shows the operating conditions of the mass balance run using wood flour w/-black liquor.

TABLE 12 Operating Conditions for Radiata Pine Wood Flour with Black Liquor 2014 May 23 Reactor Temperature 355° C. Reactor Pressure 224 to 241 bar Reactor Residence Time 25 minutes Mass Balance (wood flour w/-black liquor 20140523)

This trial was performed using black liquor at a ratio of 7.75 kg of stock black liquor to 150 L of slurry. Slurry contained 8% Radiata pine wood flour db. Stock black liquor to wood ratio is 1:1.3 db.

TABLE 13 Mass Balance wood flour w/- black liquor 2014 May 23 Date 2014 May 23 Feedstock 8% Licella radiata pine Liquid Catalyst 1.3 kg stock black liquor per dry kg wood T4 Injection time (mins) 71 Percent Solids in Feed 10.49%  Percent solids in reactors  4.2% Solids in feed (kg)  4.5 product recovered (wet kg) 1.118 Moisture content of oil (%) 18.5% Bio crude recovered (dry kg) 0.912 Bio crude yield (dry) 20.4% NCG gas measured (m3/hr) 0.43 NCG density (kg/m3) 1.55 NCG (kg/hr) 0.809 Solids in feed (kg/hr) 3.767 NCG yield 21.5% Total feed to T4 - NCG (kg) 104.4 Ether extractable in liquor (%) 0.56% Ether extractable in liquor (kg) 0.59 Ether extractable yield 13.2% Solid residue in liquor (%) 1.05% Solid residue in liquor (kg) 1.09 Solid residue from catalyst (kg) 0 Solid residue in liquor yield 24.5% % black liquor solids in feed 30.9% % Inorganic material in feed 14.5% Organic material in feed (kg) 3.81 Methanol ethanol & acetone yield (kg) 0.23 Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.13% Yield Summary Bio crude yield (dry) 20.4% NCG yield 21.5% Ether extractable yield   13% Solid residue in liquor yield   25% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%)   5% Total 84.76%  Cooler inlet temp 335 Estimated mixing (Reactor inlet) temp 355

Gas Analysis (Wood Flour W/-Black Liquor 20140523)

TABLE 14 Non Condensable Gas Analysis for Radiata Pine Wood Flour with Black Liquor 20140523 Methane CO Hydrogen Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane CO₂ H₂S 5.34% 0.05% 12.00% 0.37% 0.83% 1.60% 0.38% 79.2% 0.22% Bio-Crude Analysis (Wood flour W/-Black Liquor 20140523)

TABLE 15 Analysis of Bio-Crude Oil Pine BL Description 2014 May 23 Proximate Analysis Moisture 1.6 (% wt ar) Ash 0.4 (% wt db) Volatiles (% wt db) Fixed C. (% wt db) Ultimate Analysis GCV 34.2 (MJ/kg Carbon 80.3 (% wt db) Hydrogen 7.2 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.18 (% wt db) Sulphur 0.68 (% wt db) Oxygen 13.0 (% wt db) Chlorine (%) Molar H/C Ratio Ash Constituents SiO2 5.4 (% oxide in ash) (% wt db) Al2O3 3.9 (% wt db) Fe2O3 2.5 (% wt db) TiO2 0.07 (% wt db) K2O 3.7 (% wt db) MgO 2 (% wt db) Na2O 27.9 (% wt db) CaO 3.7 (% wt db) SO3 38 (% wt db) P2O5 0.51 (% wt db) Mn3O4 0.32 (% wt db) SrO <0.01 (% wt db) BaO 0.04 (% wt db) ZnO 0.16 (% wt db) CuO 0.32 (% wt db) Cr2O3 0.07 (% wt db) Co3O4 0 (% wt db) NiO 0.05 (% wt db) V2O5 0.09 (% wt db)

The Cat-HTR processing temperatures (355° C. to 335° C.) were again within the normal Biomass processing temperatures The ash content of the Bio-Crude Oil was about 0.4%. The Bio-Crude Oil has a gross calorific value of 34.3 MJ/kg.

Solvent Extraction of Bio-Crude (Wood Flour W/-Black Liquor 20140523)

Extraction of the oil from wood chip process water with the solvent diethyl ether gave 13.2% extractables as a fraction of the feedstock (dry basis). Total oils recoverable (bio-crude plus ether extractables) were 33.6% of the feed mass.

Hog Fuel w/-Sodium Hydroxide 20140716 Operating Conditions (Hog Fuel w/-Sodium Hydroxide 20140716)

Table 16 below shows the operating conditions of the mass balance run on 16 Jul. 2014, on Hog Fuel and sodium hydroxide. This run produced the samples of Bio-Crude Oil, syngas and water, that are presented in the next section.

TABLE 16 Operating Conditions (Hog Fuel w/- Sodium Hydroxide 2014 Jul. 16) Reactor Temperature 335 to 315° C. Reactor Pressure 227 bar Reactor Residence Time 25 minutes Mass Balance (Hog Fuel w/-Sodium Hydroxide 20140716)

This trial was performed using sodium hydroxide at a ratio of 11.2% by weight to feedstock db (target ratio was 12%, catalyst injection VSD was at 100% and pump stroke length was not adjustable during the run). Slurry contained 7.8% hog fuel db.

TABLE 17 Mass Balance (Hog Fuel w/- Sodium Hydroxide 2014 Jul. 16) Date 2014 Jul. 16 Feedstock 7.8% hog fuel Liquid Catalyst 12% sodium hydroxide T4 Injection time (mins) 68 Percent Solids in Feed 7.8% Percent solids in reactors 2.9% Solids in feed (kg) 2.8 product recovered (wet kg) 0.763 Moisture content of oil (%) 14.7% Bio crude recovered (dry kg) 0.651 Bio crude yield (dry) 23.3% NCG gas measured (m3/hr) 0.34 NCG density (kg/m3) 1.23 NCG (kg/hr) 0.515 Solids in feed (kg/hr) 2.434 NCG yield 21.2% Total feed to T4 - NCG (kg) 93.6 Ether extractable in liquor (%) 0.394% Ether extractable in liquor (kg) 0.37 Ether extractable yield 13.2% Solid residue in liquor (%) 1.40% Solid residue in liquor (kg) 1.31 Solid residue from catalyst (kg) 0.34 Solid residue in liquor yield 34.9% % black liquor solids in feed 0.0% % Inorganic material in feed 0.0% Organic material in feed (kg) 2.79 Methanol ethanol & acetone yield (kg) 16.8% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 6.00% Yield Summary Bio crude yield (dry) 23.3% NCG yield 21.2% Ether extractable yield 13.2% Solid residue in liquor yield 34.9% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 6.0% Total 98.58% Cooler inlet temp 315 Estimated mixing (Reactor inlet) temp 335 Gas Analysis (Hog Fuel w/-Sodium Hydroxide 20140716)

TABLE 18 Non Condensable Gas Analysis (Hog Fuel w/-Sodium Hydroxide 20140716) Methane CO Hydrogen Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane CO₂ H₂S 3.69% 0.01% 31.24% 0.36% 0.58% 1.04% 0.38% 62.7% 0.00% Bio-Crude Analysis (Hog Fuel w/-Sodium Hydroxide 20140716)

Data presented in Table 19 below is from the mass balance run.

TABLE 19 Analysis of Bio-Crude Oil (Hog Fuel w/- Sodium Hydroxide 2014 Jul. 16) Hog Fuel + Catalyst Description 2014 Jul. 16 Proximate Analysis Moisture (% wt ar) Ash 6.6 (% wt db) Volatiles (% wt db) Fixed C. (% wt db) Ultimate Analysis GCV 33.9 (MJ/kg Carbon 76.7 (% wt db) Hydrogen 7.2 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.3 (% wt db) Sulphur 0.1 (% wt db) Oxygen 9.6 (% wt db) Chlorine (%) Molar H/C Ratio Ash Constituents SiO2 0.8 (% oxide in ash) (% wt db) Al2O3 1.7 (% wt db) Fe2O3 1.4 (% wt db) TiO2 0.05 (% wt db) K2O 0.34 (% wt db) MgO 3.7 (% wt db) Na2O 7.2 (% wt db) CaO 46.6 (% wt db) SO3 1.1 (% wt db) P2O5 2.46 (% wt db) Mn3O4 1.17 (% wt db) SrO 0.17 (% wt db) BaO 0.4 (% wt db) ZnO 0.31 (% wt db) CuO 0.11 (% wt db) Cr2O3 0.02 (% wt db) Co3O4 (% wt db) NiO 0.02 (% wt db) V2O5 (% wt db)

The Cat-HTR processing temperatures for the Hog Fuel Sodium Hydroxide were steady for the most part at 335° C. reactor inlet temperature (variable between 326° C. and 337° C.), pressure was steady for the most part at 271 bar, variable at its lowest to 230 bar.

The ash content of the Bio-Crude Oil was about 6.6%.

The Bio-Crude Oil has a gross calorific value of 36.3 MJ/kg, for comparison purposes diesel is around 45 MJ/kg.

Solvent Extraction of Bio-Crude (Hog Fuel w/-Sodium Hydroxide 20140716)

Extraction of the oil from Hog Fuel Cat-HTR water with the solvent diethyl ether gave 13.2% extractables as a fraction of the feedstock (dry basis). Total oils recoverable (bio-crude plus ether extractables) were 36.5% of the feed mass.

Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor (20140724) Operating Conditions (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 20140724)

Table 20 below shows the operating conditions of a mass balance run using Hog Fuel Black Liquor.

TABLE 20 Operating Conditions (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 2014 Jul. 24) Reactor Temperature 335 to 315° C. Reactor Pressure 226 to 244 bar Reactor Residence Time 25 minutes Mass Balance (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 20140724)

This trial was performed using black liquor at a ratio of 9.7 kg of stock black liquor to 7.44 kg of hog fuel db. Slurry contained 8.6% Hog Fuel db. Stock black liquor to Hog fuel ratio is 1:1.3 db.

TABLE 21 Mass Balance (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 2014 Jul. 24) Date 2014 Jul. 24 Feedstock 8% hog fuel Liquid Catalyst 1.3 kg stock black liquor per dry kg wood T4 Injection time (mins) 92 Percent Solids in Feed 10.5% Percent solids in reactors 4.3% Solids in feed (kg) 6.2 product recovered (wet kg) 1.258 Moisture content of oil (%) 16.7% Bio crude recovered (dry kg) 1.048 Bio crude yield (dry) 17.0% NCG gas measured (m3/hr) 0.43 NCG density (kg/m3) 1.60 NCG (kg/hr) 0.835 Solids in feed (kg/hr) 4.018 NCG yield 20.8% Total feed to T4 - NCG (kg) 141.5 Ether extractable in liquor (%) 0.402% Ether extractable in liquor (kg) 0.57 Ether extractable yield 9.2% Solid residue in liquor (%) 0.81% Solid residue in liquor (kg) 1.15 Solid residue from catalyst (kg) 0.00 Solid residue in liquor yield 18.7% % black liquor solids in feed 31.0% % Inorganic material in feed 14.6% Organic material in feed (kg) 526.2% Methanol ethanol & acetone yield (kg) 31.6% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.13% Yield Summary Bio crude yield (dry) 17.0% NCG yield 20.8% Ether extractable yield 9.2% Solid residue in liquor yield 18.7% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.1% Total 70.87% Cooler inlet temp 315 Estimated mixing (Reactor inlet) temp 335 Gas Analysis (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 20140724)

TABLE 22 Non Condensable Gas Analysis (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 20140724) Methane CO Hydrogen Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane CO₂ H₂S 5.00% 0.05% 9.56% 0.29% 0.71% 1.59% 0.38% 82.2% 0.18% Bio-Crude Analysis (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 20140724)

Data presented in the Table 23 below is from the mass balance run.

TABLE 23 Analysis of Bio-Crude Oil (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 2014 Jul. 24) Hog Fuel + BL Description 2014 Jul. 24 Proximate Analysis Moisture 6 (% wt ar) Ash 2.8 (% wt db) Volatiles (% wt db) Fixed C. (% wt db) Ultimate Analysis GCV 32.6 (MJ/kg Carbon 75.1 (% wt db) Hydrogen 6.6 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.3 (% wt db) Sulphur 1.1 (% wt db) Oxygen 12.7 (% wt db) Chlorine (%) Molar H/C Ratio Ash Constituents SiO2 3 (% oxide in ash) (% wt db) Al2O3 3.7 (% wt db) Fe2O3 9.9 (% wt db) TiO2 0.13 (% wt db) K2O 0.44 (% wt db) MgO 3.7 (% wt db) Na2O 3.6 (% wt db) CaO 36.2 (% wt db) SO3 24.3 (% wt db) P2O5 3.55 (% wt db) Mn3O4 1.39 (% wt db) SrO 0.17 (% wt db) BaO 0.5 (% wt db) ZnO 0.56 (% wt db) CuO 0.17 (% wt db) Cr2O3 0.02 (% wt db) Co3O4 <0.1 (% wt db) NiO 0.02 (% wt db) V2O5 0 (% wt db)

The processing temperatures for the Hog Fuel w/-black liquor was essentially steady around 330° C. reactor inlet temperature. Pressure was variable between 226 and 244 bar. The ash content of the Bio-Crude Oil was about 2.8%. The Bio-Crude Oil has a gross calorific value of 32.6 MJ/kg, for comparison purposes diesel is around 45 MJ/kg.

Solvent Extraction of Bio-Crude (Hog Fuel w/-Black Liquor 20140724)

Extraction of the oil from Hog Fuel w/-black liquor process water with the solvent diethyl ether gave 9.2% extractables as a fraction of the feedstock (dry basis). Taking the oil yield as 26.3%.

Mixed Kraft Feedstock Moderate Temperature 20140731 Operating Conditions (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140731)

Table 24 below shows the operating conditions of the mass balance run using Mixed Kraft Feedstock. This trial was at moderate temperature of 321° C.

TABLE 24 Operating Conditions (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Jul. 31) Reactor Temperature 335 to 315° C. Reactor Pressure 250 bar Reactor Residence Time 25 minutes

Mass Balance of Mixed Feedstocks Cat-HTR 20140724

The Mixed Kraft Feedstock mixture is composed from solids:

TABLE 25 Mass Balance (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Jul. 31) The mixed kraft feedstock is composed from solids: kg to feed tank % of dry feed Hog Fuel 8.0 55.3% Pine 1.8 12.4% Sludge 0.2 1.4% Black liquor solids 4.5 30.9% Black liquor water 8.5 Water 123.5 Slurry tank contents Total solids 14.5 Total water 132.0 Total to feed tank 146.5 % Solids 9.88%

This trial was performed using black liquor at a ratio of 13 kg of stock black liquor to 10 kg of mixed woody feedstocks db. Slurry contained mixed feedstocks to water at 8.1% db. Stock black liquor to mixed dry feedstocks ratio is 1.3:1 db.

TABLE 26 Mass Balance (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Jul. 31) Date 2014 Jul. 31 Feedstock 6.4% hog fuel, 1.44% wood, 0.16% sludge Liquid Catalyst 1.3 kg stock black liquor per dry kg mix T4 Injection time (mins) 83 Percent Solids in Feed 9.9% Percent solids in reactors 4.0% Solids in feed (kg) 5.0 product recovered (wet kg) 1.134 Moisture content of oil (%) 12.9% Bio crude recovered (dry kg) 0.988 Bio crude yield (dry) 19.6% NCG gas measured (m3/hr) 0.47 NCG density (kg/m3) 1.60 NCG (kg/hr) 0.914 Solids in feed (kg/hr) 3.635 NCG yield 25.1% Total feed to T4 - NCG (kg) 124.4 Ether extractable in liquor (%) 1.440% Ether extractable in liquor (kg) 1.79 Ether extractable yield 35.6% Solid residue in liquor (%) 0.88% Solid residue in liquor (kg) 1.10 Solid residue from catalyst (kg) 0.00 Solid residue in liquor yield 21.8% % black liquor solids in feed 30.9% % Inorganic material in feed 15.9% Organic material in feed (kg) 422.8% Methanol ethanol & acetone yield (kg) 25.4% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.04% Yield Summary Bio crude yield (dry) 19.6% NCG yield 25.1% Ether extractable yield 35.6% Solid residue in liquor yield 21.8% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.0% Total 107.24% Cooler inlet temp 310 Estimated mixing (Reactor inlet) temp 330

Gas Analysis (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140731)

TABLE 27 Non Condensable Gas Analysis (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140731) Methane CO Hydrogen Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane CO₂ H₂S 4.79% 0.04% 9.74% 0.28% 0.77% 1.46% 0.41% 82.3% 0.17%

Bio-Crude Analysis (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140731)

Data presented in Table 28 below is from the mass balance run.

TABLE 28 Analysis of Bio-Crude Oil (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Jul. 31) Mixed Feed + BL Description 2014 Jul. 31 Proximate Analysis Moisture 7.5 (% wt ar) Ash 2.6 (% wt db) Volatiles 0.0 (% wt db) Fixed C. 0.0 (% wt db) Ultimate Analysis GCV 33.0 (MJ/kg Carbon 79.2 (% wt db) Hydrogen 6.36 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.38 (% wt db) Sulphur 0.58 (% wt db) Oxygen 10.18 (% wt db) Chlorine (%) Molar H/C Ratio Ash Constituents SiO2 3.3 (% oxide in ash) (% wt db) Al2O3 4.9 (% wt db) Fe2O3 6.6 (% wt db) TiO2 0.15 (% wt db) K2O 0.72 (% wt db) MgO 4.8 (% wt db) Na2O 5.5 (% wt db) CaO 42.1 (% wt db) SO3 20.6 (% wt db) P2O5 3.5 (% wt db) Mn3O4 0.3 (% wt db) SrO 0.6 (% wt db) BaO <0.1 (% wt db) ZnO <0.1 (% wt db) CuO 0.2 (% wt db) Cr2O3 1.7 (% wt db) Co3O4 <0.1 (% wt db) NiO <0.1 (% wt db) V2O5 0.5 (% wt db)

The processing temperatures for the Mixed Kraft Feedstocks were held steady within (331-336° C.) were again steady and stabilised at 331° C.The ash content of the Bio-Crude Oil was about 2.6%,

The Bio-Crude Oil has a gross calorific value of 33 MJ/kg, for comparison purposes diesel is around 45 MJ/kg.

Solvent Extraction of Bio-Crude (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140731)

Extraction of the oil from Mixed Feedstocks process water with the solvent diethyl ether gave 35.6% extractables as a fraction of the feedstock (dry basis). Total oils recoverable (biocrude plus ether extractables) were 54.2% of the feed mass.

Mixed Kraft Feedstocks High Temperature 201407814 Operating Conditions (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140814)

Table 29 below shows the operating conditions of the mass balance run on Mixed Kraft II) Feedstocks.

TABLE 29 Operating Conditions (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Aug. 14) Reactor Temperature 355 to 335° C. Reactor Pressure 238 to 250 bar Reactor Residence Time 25 minutes

Mass Balance (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140814)

The Mixed Kraft Feedstock mixture is composed from solids:

TABLE 30 Content (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Aug. 14) kg to feed tank % of dry feed Hog Fuel 8.0 55.3% Pine 1.8 12.4% Sludge 0.2 1.4% Black liquor solids 4.5 30.9% Black liquor water 8.5 Water 127 Total solids 14.5 Total water 135.5 Total to feed tank 150.0 % Solids 9.65%

TABLE 31 Mass Balance (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Aug. 14) Date 2014 Aug. 14 Feedstock 6.4% hog fuel, 1.44% wood, 0.16% sludge Liquid Catalyst 1.3 kg stock black liquor per dry kg mix T4 Injection time (mins) 61 Percent Solids in Feed 9.7% Percent solids in reactors 3.5% Solids in feed (kg) 3.0 product recovered (wet kg) 0.521 Moisture content of oil (%) 20.1% Bio crude recovered (dry kg) 0.416 Bio crude yield (dry) 13.7% NCG gas measured (m3/hr) 0.42 NCG density (kg/m3) 1.52 NCG (kg/hr) 0.784 Solids in feed (kg/hr) 2.990 NCG yield 26.2% Total feed to T4 - NCG (kg) 85.5 Ether extractable in liquor (%) 0.574% Ether extractable in liquor (kg) 0.49 Ether extractable yield 16.1% Solid residue in liquor (%) 0.66% Solid residue in liquor (kg) 0.56 Solid residue from catalyst (kg) 0.00 Solid residue in liquor yield 18.4% % black liquor solids in feed 30.9% % Inorganic material in feed 15.9% Organic material in feed (kg) 422.8% Methanol ethanol & acetone yield (kg) 25.4% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.04% Yield Summary Bio crude yield (dry) 13.7% NCG yield 26.2% Ether extractable yield 16.1% Solid residue in liquor yield 18.4% Methanol, ethanol & acetone yield (%) 5.0% Total 79.54% Cooler inlet temp 335 Estimated mixing (Reactor inlet) temp 355

The mass balance across the Cat-HTR reactor for the Mixed Kraft Feedstocks trial has significant mass missing. This behaviour might be explained by material retained within the internal pipes on the reactor and cooler.

Gas Analysis (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140814)

TABLE 32 Non Condensable Gas Analysis (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140814) Methane CO Hydrogen Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane CO₂ H₂S 5.12% 0.04% 13.75% 0.36% 0.86% 1.36% 0.38% 77.9% 0.26%

Bio-Crude Analysis (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140814)

Data presented in Table 33 below is from a mass balance run.

TABLE 33 Analysis of Bio-Crude Oil (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 2014 Aug. 14) Mixed Feed + BL Description 2014 Aug. 14 Proximate Analysis Moisture 4 (% wt ar) Ash 2.04 (% wt db) Volatiles (% wt db) Fixed C. (% wt db) Ultimate Analysis GCV 33.0 (MJ/kg Carbon 77.6 (% wt db) Hydrogen 6.85 (% wt db) Nitrogen 0.32 (% wt db) Sulphur 0.57 (% wt db) Oxygen 12.4 (% wt db) Chlorine (%) Molar H/C Ratio Ash Constituents SiO2 3.3 (% oxide in ash) (% wt db) Al2O3 5 (% wt db) Fe2O3 5.1 (% wt db) TiO2 0.21 (% wt db) K2O 0.81 (% wt db) MgO 4.8 (% wt db) Na2O 6.7 (% wt db) CaO 42.4 (% wt db) SO3 19.9 (% wt db) P2O5 3.5 (% wt db) Mn3O4 0.3 (% wt db) SrO 0.5 (% wt db) BaO 0.1 (% wt db) ZnO <0.1 (% wt db) CuO 0.2 (% wt db) Cr2O3 2.3 (% wt db) Co3O4 <0.1 (% wt db) NiO <0.1 (% wt db) V2O5 0.6 (% wt db)

The ash content of the Bio-Crude Oil was about 2%.

The Bio-Crude Oil has a gross calorific value of 33.7 MJ/kg dry basis

Solvent Extraction of Bio-Crude (Mixed Kraft Feedstocks 20140814)

Extraction of the oil from Mixed Feedstocks process water with the solvent diethyl ether gave 16.1% extractables as a fraction of the feedstock (dry basis). Taking the oil yield (bio-crude plus ether extractables) as 29.8%

Discussion Bio-Crude Quality

Bio-crude quality is most readily assessed in the first instance by means of its Gross Calorific Value (GCV). This is the gross energy contained in the material and is closely related to the oxygen and hydrogen content of the bio-crude. For Radiata pine wood flour with sodium hydroxide catalyst on the SPP, typical GCV of bio-crude is in the range 34-36 MJ/kg dry basis.

The Radiata pine wood flour bio-crude has a low ash content, and therefore dry basis values are similar to dry ash free basis (daf) values. The bio-crudes from hog fuel and black liquor feedstocks have significantly higher ash values, and it is more appropriate to compare these on a daf basis.

In Figure One the GCV on a daf basis is plotted against oxygen content for Bio-crudes prepared in this project and for a historical series of Licella bio-crudes (dry basis) from Radiata Pine. The oxygen content is determined by difference from the ultimate analysis as [100-% C-% H-% S-% N]. As such it is subject to accumulation of systematic and random errors and consequently the error associated with these values is estimated as +/−1-2 percentage points.

The calorific values of the bio-crudes from this study lie in the range within, or very close to, the target band of 334-36 MJ/kg. Upon distillation, the bio-crude distillates can be expected to have an oxygen content close to 11%. The significance of the target is that commercial hydrotreating technologies exist for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of oils at around 11% oxygen. Licella's assessment is that the remaining oxygen in the bio-crudes is more efficiently removed by hydrotreating in conventional refinery processes than by other processes. These values demonstrate that the catalytic components in black liquor can effectively substitute for the basic catalyst sodium hydroxide in Cat-HTR applications. The other main heteroatoms present in the bio-crudes are Nitrogen and Sulphur. Both of these elements are higher in the bio-crudes derived from hog-fuel and black liquor than those derived from Radiata pine wood flour. Sulphur is unlikely to present an issue for further upgrading as oil refining processes are designed to accomplish desulphurization. The distribution and nature of the nitrogen content in the bio-crudes will need to be examined post-distillation to assess possible impact on downstream processing. Denitrification steps are well established in oil refining processes.

Aromatic Content

Licella bio-crudes from Radiata pine wood flour have about 50% of their carbon atoms in an aromatic environment by 13C NMR spectroscopy. While this does not mean that hydrodeoxygenated bio-crudes will contain 50% aromatics, it is indicative of a high potential produce aromatic chemicals, for example by catalytic reforming. Bio-crudes based on high proportions of black liquor may be expected to have still higher aromatic contents, however this should be confirmed by testing.

This scenario is commercially interesting because of the increasing influence of shale oils in the US which are relatively low in fractions used to make aromatic chemicals.

Bio-Crude Yields

Bio-crude yields are generally consistent with other feedstocks processed using the SPP, as discussed in Section 9.0. The SPP uses a relatively large amount of supercritical steam to heat the biomass slurry to reaction temperature, and the consequent dilution favours dissolution of bio-crude into the water phase. This is a phenomenon that has been reported by other investigators, for example.

Waste Water Sample Analysis

TABLE 34 Mixed kraft feedstocks trial (20140814) water sample analysis UNITS VOCs in water Our Reference: 114714-1 Your Reference — 1 Type of sample — Water Date extracted — 19 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 22 Aug. 2014 Dichlorodifluoromethane μg/L <1,000 Chloromethane μg/L <1,000 Vinyl Chloride μg/L <1,000 Bromomethane μg/L <1,000 Chloroethane μg/L <1,000 Trichlorofluoromethane μg/L <1,000 1,1-Dichloroethene μg/L <100 Trans-1,2-dichloroethene μg/L <100 1,1-dichloroethene μg/L <100 Cis-1,2-dichloroethene μg/L <100 Bromochloromethane μg/L <100 Chloroform μg/L <100 2,2-dichloropropane μg/L <100 1,2-dichloroethane μg/L <100 1,1,1-trichloroethane μg/L <100 1,1-dichloropropene μg/L <100 Cyclohexane μg/L <100 Carbontetrachloride μg/L <100 Benzene μg/L 180 Dibromomethane μg/L <100 1,2-dichloropropane μg/L <100 Trichloroethene μg/L <100 Bromodichloromethane μg/L <100 trans-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L <100 cis-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L <100 1,1,2-trichloroethane μg/L <100 Toluene μg/L 370 1,3-dichloropropane μg/L <100 Dibromochloromethane μg/L <100 1,2-dibromoethane μg/L <100 Tetrachloroethene μg/L <100 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane μg/L <100 Chlorobenzene μg/L <100 Ethylbenzene μg/L <100 Bromoform μg/L <100 m + p-xylene μg/L <200 Styrene μg/L <100 1,1,2,2-tetracholorethane μg/L <100 o-xylene μg/L <100 1,2,3-trichloropropane μg/L <100 Isopropybenzene μg/L <100 Bromobenzene μg/L <100 n-propyl benzene μg/L <100 2-chlorotoluene μg/L <100 4-chlorotoluene μg/L <100 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene μg/L <100 Tert-butyl benzene μg/L <100 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene μg/L <100 1,3-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 Sec-butyl benzene μg/L <100 1,4-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 4-isopropyl toluene μg/L <100 1,2-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 n-butyl benzene μg/L <100 1,2-dibromo-3- μg/L <100 chloropropane 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene μg/L <100 Hexachlorobutadiene μg/L <100 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene μg/L <100 Surrogate Dibromofluoromethane % 100 Surrogate toluene-d8 % 101 Surrogate 4-BFB % 106 vTRH(C6-C10)/BTEXN in Water Our Reference: 114714-1 Your Reference — 1 Type of sample — Water Date extracted — 19 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 22 Aug. 2014 TRHC₆-C₉ μg/L 31,000 TRHC₆-C₁₀ μg/L 34,000 TRHC₆-C₁₀ less BTEX (F1) μg/L 33,000 Benzene μg/L 180 Toluene μg/L 370 Ethylbenzene μg/L <100 m + p-xylene μg/L <200 o-xylene μg/L <100 Naphthalene μg/L <100 Surrogate Dibromofluoromethane % 100 Surrogate toluene-d8 % 101 Surrogate 4-BFB % 106 HM in water - total Our Reference: 114714-1 Your Reference — 1 Type of sample — Water Date prepared — 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2014 Arsenic-Total μg/L 45 Cadmium-Total μg/L <0.1 Chromium-Total μg/L 1 Copper-Total μg/L <1 Lead-Total μg/L <1 Mercury-Total μg/L 0.3 Nickel-Total μg/L <1 Zinc-Total μg/L 44 Metals in Waters - Acid extractable Our Reference: 114714-1 Your Reference — 1 Type of sample — Water Date prepared — 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2014 Sulfur - Total mg/L 840 Miscellaneous Inorganics Our Reference: 114714-1 Your Reference — 1 Type of sample — Water Date prepared — 15 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 15 Aug. 2014 pH pH Units 7.0 Total Dissolved Solids (grav) mg/L 15,000 BOD mg/L 600 COD mgO2/L 19,000 Total Organic Carbon mg/L 5,900 Cations in water - Total Our Reference: 114714-1 Your Reference — 1 Type of sample — Water Date digested — 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2015 Sodium - Total mg/L 2,300 Potassium - Total mg/L 190 Calcium - Total mg/L 16 Magnesium - Total mg/L 3.4 svTRH (C10-C40) in Water Our Reference: 114714-1 Your Reference — 1 Type of sample — Water Date extracted — 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2014 TRHC₁₀-C₁₄ μg/L 650,000 TRHC₁₅-C₂₆ μg/L 490,000 TRHC₂₉-C₃₆ μg/L 14,000 TRHC₁₀-C₁₆ μg/L 800,000 TRH>C₁₀-C₁₆ less μg/L 800,000 Naphthalene (F2) TRH>C₁₆-C₃₄ μg/L 180,000 TRH>C₃₄-C₄₀ μg/L 1,800 Surrogate o-Terphenyl % # Method ID Methodology Summary Org-013 Water samples are analysed directly by purge and trap GC-MS. Org-016 Soil samples are extracted with methanol and spiked into water prior to analysing by purge and trap GC-MS. Water samples are analysed directly by purge and trap GC-MS. F1 = (C6-C10)- BTEX as per NEPM B1. Guideline on Investigation Levels for Soil and Groundwater. Org-003 Soil samples are extracted with Dichloromethane/Acetone and waters with Dichloromethane and analysed by GC-FD. F2 = (>C10-C16)-Naphthalene as per NEPM B1 Guideline on Investigation Levels for Soil and Groundwater (HSLs Tables 1A (3, 4)). Note Naphthalene is determined from the VOC analysis. Metals-022 ICP-MS Determination of various metals by ICP-MS. Metals-021 CV-AAS Determination of mercury by Cold Vapour AAS. Metals-020ICP-AES Determination of various metals by ICP-AES. Inorg-001 pH - Measured using pH meter and electrode in accordance with APHA 22nd ED, 4500-H+. Please note that the results for water analyses are indicative only, as analysis outside of the APHA storage times. Inorg-018 Total Dissolved Solids - determined gravimetrically. The solids are dried at 180 +/− 50° C. Inorg-091 BOD - Analysed in accordance with APHA 22nd ED 5210 D and in house INORG-091. Inorg-067 Samples are digested in acid with a known excess of potassium dichromate then titrated against ammonium ferrous sulphate in accordance with APHA 22nd ED 5310 B. Inorg-079 TOC determined using a TOC analyser using the combustion method. DOC is filtered prior to determination. Analysis using APHA 22nd ED 5310 B. Duplicate results Base ∥ Duplicate Duplicate ∥ Spike Spike % QUALITY CONTROL UNITS POL METHOD Blank SnW % RPD SnW Recovery VOCs in water Date extracted — 19 Aug. 2014 LCS-W1 19 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 22 Aug. 2014 LCS-W1 22 Aug. 2014 Dichlorofluoromethane μg/L 10 Org-013 <10 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Chloromethane μg/L 10 Org-013 <10 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Vinyl Chloride μg/L 10 Org-013 <10 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Bromomethane μg/L 10 Org-013 <10 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Chloroethane μg/L 10 Org-013 <10 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Trichlorofluoromethane μg/L 10 Org-013 <10 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,1-Dichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Trans-1,2-dichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,1-dichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 99% Cis-1,2-dichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Bromochloromethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Chloroform μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 95% 2,2-dichloropropane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,2-dichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 94% 1,1,1-trichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 96% 1,1-dichloropropene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Cyclohexane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Carbon tetrachloride μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Benzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Dibromomethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,2-dichloropropane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Trichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 92% Bromodichloromethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 96% trans-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] cis-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,1,2-trichloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Toluene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,3-dichloropropane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Dibromochloromethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 95% 1,2-dibromoethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Tetrachloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 101%  1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Chlorobenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Ethylbenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Bromoform μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] m + p-xylene μg/L 2 Org-013 <2 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Styrene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] o-xylene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,2,3-trichloropropane μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Isopropylbenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Bromobenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] n-propyl benzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 2-chlorotoluene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 4-chlorotoluene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Tert-butyl benzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,3-dichlorobenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Sec-butyl benzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,4-dichlorobenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 4-isopropyl toluene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,2-dichlorobenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] n-butyl benzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,2-dibromo-3- μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] chloropropane 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Hexachlorobutadene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Surrogate % Org-013 100 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 99% Dibromofluoromethane Surrogate toluene-d8 % Org-013 99 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 98% Surrogate 4-BFB % Org-013 104 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 101%  vTRH(C6-C10)BTEXN in water Date extracted — 19 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 22 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 22 Aug. 2014 TRHC₆-C₉ μg/L 10 Org-016 <10 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 107%  TRHC₆-C₁₀ μg/L 10 Org-016 <10 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 107%  Benzene μg/L 1 Org-016 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 104%  Toluene μg/L 1 Org-016 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 107%  Ethylbenzene μg/L 1 Org-016 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 107%  m + p-xylene μg/L 2 Org-016 <2 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 109%  o-xylene μg/L 1 Org-016 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 110%  Naphthalene μg/L 1 Org-013 <1 [NT] [NT] [NR] [NR] Surrogate % Org-016 100 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 99% Dibromofluoromethane Surrogate toluene-d8 % Org-016 99 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 99% Surrogate 4-BFB % Org-016 104 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 100%  svTRH(C6-C10/BTEXN in water Date extracted — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 18 Aug. 2014 TRHC₁₀-C₁₄ μg/L 50 Org-003 <50 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 88% TRHC₁₅-C₂₈ μg/L 100 Org-003 <100 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 85% TRHC₂₉-C₃₆ μg/L 100 Org-003 <100 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 84% TRH >C₁₀-C₁₆ μg/L 50 Org-003 <50 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 83% TRH >C₁₆-C₃₄ μg/L 100 Org-003 <100 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 86% TRH >C₃₄-C₄₀ μg/L 100 Org-003 <100 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 84% Surrogate o-Terphenyl % Org-003 90 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 71% HM in water - total Date prepared — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 18 Aug. 2014 Arsenic-Total μg/L 1 Metals-022 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 106%  ICP-MS Cadmium-Total μg/L 0.1 Metals-022 <0.1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 119%  ICP-MS Chromium-Total μg/L 1 Metals-022 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 110%  ICP-MS Copper-Total μg/L 1 Metals-022 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 91% ICP-MS Lead-Total μg/L 1 Metals-022 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 117%  ICP-MS Mercury-Total μg/L 0.05 Metals-021 <0.05 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 96% CV-AAS Nickel-Total μg/L 1 Metals-022 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 103%  ICP-MS Zinc-Total μg/L 1 Metals-022 <1 [NT] [NT] LCS-W2 109%  ICP-MS Metals in Waters - Acid extractable Date prepared — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 19 Aug. 2014 Sulphur-Total mg/L 0.5 Metals-020 93 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 93% ICP-AES Miscellaneous Inorganics Date prepared — 15 Aug. 2014 114714-1 15 Aug. 2014 ∥ LCS-W1 15 Aug. 2014 15 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 15 Aug. 2014 114714-1 15 Aug. 2014 ∥ LCS-W1 15 Aug. 2014 15 Aug. 2014 pH pH Units Inorg-001 [NT] 114714-1 7.0 ∥ [NT] LCS-W1 101%  Total Dissolved Solids (grav) mg/L 5 Inorg-018 <5 114714-1 15000 ∥ [NT] LCS-W1 95% BOD mg/L 5 Inorg-091 <5 114714-1 600 ∥ [NT] LCS-W1 84% COD mg O₂/L 50 Inorg-067 <50 114714-1 19000 ∥ 19000 LCS-W1 84% ∥ RPD: 0 Total Organic Carbon mg/L 1 Inorg-079 <1 114714-1 5900 ∥ 5800 LCS-W1 104%  ∥ RPD: 2 Cations in water - Total Date digested — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 18 Aug. 2014 Date analysed — 18 Aug. 2014 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 18 Aug. 2014 Sodium-Total mg/L 0.5 Metals-020 <0.5 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 102%  ICP-AES Potassium-Total mg/L 0.5 Metals-020 <0.5 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 97% ICP-AES Calcium-Total mg/L 0.5 Metals-020 <0.5 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 104%  ICP-AES Magnesium-Total mg/L 0.5 Metals-020 <0.5 [NT] [NT] LCS-W1 108%  ICP-AES

TABLE 35 Water Analysis (Radiata Pine Wood Flour w/- Black Liquor 20140523) Water sample Cat-HTR Trials, data from separate Envirolab Services reports Hog Fuel Pyrolysed Paper Mixed Sodium Sludge Black Radiata Feedstocks Hydroxide Liquor Black Liquor Units 20140814 20140716 20140528 20140523 VOCs in water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20140814 20140716 20140528 20140523 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date extracted 19 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 28 May 2014 Date analysed 22 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 29 May 2014 Dichlorodifluoromethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Chloromethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Vinyl Chloride μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Bromomethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Chloroethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Trichlorofluoromethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 1,1-Dichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Trans-1,2-dichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1-dichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Cis-1,2-dichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Bromochloromethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Chloroform μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 2,2-dichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,1-trichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1-dichloropropene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Cyclohexane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Carbon tetrachloride μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Benzene μg/L <180 340 <500 340 Dibromomethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Trichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Bromodichloromethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 trans-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 cis-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,2-trichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Toluene μg/L 370 890 810 680 1,3-dichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Dibromochloromethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dibromoethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Tetrachloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Chlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Ethylbenzene μg/L <100 120 <500 <130 Bromoform μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 m + p-xylene μg/L 200 <200 <1000 <200 Styrene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,2,2-tetracholorethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 o-xylene μg/L <100 <120 <500 <100 1,2,3-trichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Isopropylbenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 VOCs in water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20148014 20140716 20140528 20140523 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Bromobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 n-propyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 2-chlorotoluene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 4-chlorotoluene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Tert-butyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,3-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Sec-butyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,4-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 4-isopropyl toluene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 n-butyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dibromo-3- μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 chloropropane 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Hexachlorobutadiene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Surrogate μg/L 100% 106% 112% 105% Dibromofluoromethane Surrogate toluene-d8 μg/L 101% 105% 100% 100% Surrogate 4-BFB μg/L 106%  95% 100%  99% vTRH(C6-C10)/BTEXN in Water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20140814 20140716 20140528 20140523 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date extracted 19 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 28 May 2014 Date analysed 22 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 29 May 2014 TRH C6-C9 μg/L 31,000 42,000 26,000 33,000 TRH C6-C10 μg/L 34,000 50,000 27,000 36,000 TRH C6-C10 less BTEX [F1] μg/L 33,000 49,000 26,000 35,000 Benzene μg/L 180 430 <500 340 Toluene μg/L 370 890 810 680 Ethylbenzene μg/L <100 120 <500 130 m + p-xylene μg/L <200 <200 <1000 <200 o-xylene μg/L <100 120 <500 <100 Naphthalene μg/L <100 <100 <501 <100 Surrogate μg/L 100% 106% 112% 105% Dibromofluoromethane Surrogate toluene-d8 μg/L 101% 105% 100% 100% Surrogate 4-BFB μg/L 106%  95% 100%  99% svTRH (C10-C40) in Water Water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20140814 20140716 20140528 20140523 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date extracted 18 Aug. 2014 24 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 28 May 2014 Date analysed 19 Aug. 2014 24 Jul. 2014 31 May 2014 29 May 2014 TRH C10-C14 μg/L 650,000 430,000 25,000 860,000 TRH C15-C26 μg/L 490,000 190,000 160,000 510,000 TRH C29-C36 μg/L 14,000 6,600 16,000 18,000 TRH >C10-C16 μg/L 800,000 450,000 260,000 860,000 TRH >C10-C16 less 800,000 450,000 260,000 860,000 Naphthalene (F2) TRH >C16-C34 μg/L 180,000 91,000 120,000 260,000 TRH >C34-C40 μg/L 1,800 <1,000 4,800 5,300 Surrogate o-Terphenyl % # # # # HM in water - total Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20140814 20140716 20140528 20140523 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date prepared 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Date analysed 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Arsenic-Total μg/L 45 2 29 27 Cadmium-Total μg/L 0.1 <01 5.7 <0.1 Chromium-Total μg/L 1 1 110 <1 Copper-Total μg/L 1 <1 180 1 Lead-Total μg/L 1 <1 40 <1 Mercury-Total μg/L 0.3 0.06 1 0.58 Nickel-Total μg/L 1 <1 97 <1 Zinc-Total μg/L 44 8 1,100 14 Metals in Waters - Acid extractable Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20140814 20140715 20140528 20140523 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date prepared 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Date analysed 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Sulfur-Total mg/L 840 6.3 26 150 Miscellaneous Inorganics Our Reference: 114114-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20140214 20140716 20140522 20140523 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date prepared 15 Mar. 2014 22 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 26 May 2014 Date analysed 15 Mar. 2014 22 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 26 May 2014 pH pH Units 7 7.8 9.7 6.3 BOD 15,00 630 26,000 9,800 Total Dissolved mg/L 600 7,200 6,900 11,000 Solids (by calc) m

COD mg O2/L 19,000 18,000 50,000 24,000 Total Organic Carbon mg/L 5,900 6,500 17,000 6,600 Cations in water - Total Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 20140814 20140716 20140528 20140523 Type of sample 18 Aug. 2014 Water Water Water Date digested 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Date analysed 18 Aug. 2015 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Sodium - Total mg/L 2,300 5,200 5,500 2,100 Potassium - Total mg/L 190 54 16 150 Calcium - Total mg/L 16 <0.5 680 3.8 Magnesium - Total mg/L 3.4 1.6 270 2.5

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE 36 Water Analysis (Radiata Pine Wood Flour w/- Black Liquor 2014 May 23) Water sample Cat-HTR Trials, data from separate Envirolab Services reports Hog Fuel Pyrolysed Paper Mixed Sodium Sludge Black Radiata Feedstocks Hydroxide Liquor Black Liquor Units 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 VOCs in water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date extracted 19 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 28 May 2014 Date analysed 22 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 29 May 2014 Dichlorodifluoromethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Chloromethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Vinyl Chloride μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Bromomethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Chloroethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 Trichlorofluoromethane μg/L <1,000 <1,000 <5,000 <1,000 1,1-Dichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Trans-1,2-dichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1-dichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Cis-1,2-dichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Bromochloromethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Chloroform μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 2,2-dichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,1-trichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1-dichloropropene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Cyclohexane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Carbon tetrachloride μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Benzene μg/L <180 340 <500 340 Dibromomethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 trichloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Bromodichloromethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Trans-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 cis-1,3-dichloropropene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,2-trichloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Toluene μg/L 370 890 810 680 1,3-dichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Dibromochloromethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dibromoethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Tetrachloroethene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Chlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Ethylbenzene μg/L <100 120 <500 <130 Bromoform μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 m + p-xylene μg/L 200 <200 <1000 <200 Styrene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 o-xylene μg/L <100 <120 <500 <100 1,2,3-trichloropropane μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Isopropylbenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 VOCs in water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Bromobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 n-propyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 2-chlorotoluene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 4-chlorotoluene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Tert-butyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,3-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Sec-butyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,4-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 4-isopropyl toluene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 n-butyl benzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2-dibromo-3- μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 chloropropan

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Hexachlorobutadiene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene μg/L <100 <100 <500 <100 Surrogate μg/L 100% 106% 112% 105% Dibromofluorome

Surrogate toluene-d8 μg/L 101% 105% 100% 100% Surrogate 4-BFB μg/L 106%  95% 100%  99% vTRH(C6-C10)/BTEXN in Water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date extracted 19 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 28 May 2014 Date analysed 22 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 29 May 2014 TRH C6-C9 μg/L 31,000 42,000 26,000 33,000 TRH C6-C10 μg/L 34,000 50,000 27,000 36,000 TRH C6-C10 less BTEX (F1) μg/L 33,000 49,000 26,000 35,000 Benzene μg/L 180 430 <500 340 Toluene μg/L 370 890 810 680 Ethylbenzene μg/L <100 120 <500 130 m + p-xylene μg/L <200 <200 <1000 <200 o-xylene μg/L <100 120 <500 <100 Naphthalene μg/L <100 <100 <501 <100 Surrogate μg/L 100% 106% 112% 105% Dibromofluoromethane Surrogate toluene-d8 μg/L 101% 105% 100% 100% Surrogate 4-BFB μg/L 106%  95% 100%  99% svTRH (C10-C40) in Water Water Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date extracted 18 Aug. 2014 24 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 28 May 2014 Date analysed 19 Aug. 2014 24 Jul. 2014 31 May 2014 29 May 2014 TRH C10-C14 μg/L 650,000 430,000 25,000 860,000 TRH C15-C28 μg/L 490,000 190,000 160,000 510,000 TRH C29-C36 μg/L 14,000 6,600 16,000 18,000 TRH > C10-C16 μg/L 800,000 450,000 260,000 860,000 TRH > C10-C16 less 800,000 450,000 260,000 860,000 Naphthalene (F2) TRH > C16-C34 μg/L 180,000 91,000 120,000 260,000 TRH > C34-C40 μg/L 1,800 <1,000 4,800 5,300 Surrogate o-Terphenyl % # # # # HM in water - total Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date prepared 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Date analysed 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Arsenic-Total μg/L 45 2 29 27 Cadmium-Total μg/L 0.1 <01 5.7 <0.1 Chromium-Total μg/L 1 1 110 <1 Copper-Total μg/L 1 <1 180 1 Lead-Total μg/L 1 <1 40 <1 Mercury-Total μg/L 0.3 0.06 1 0.58 Nickel-Total μg/L 1 <1 97 <1 Zinc-Total μg/L 44 8 1,100 14 Metals in Waters - Acid extractable Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date prepared 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Date analysed 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Sulfur-Total mg/L 840 6.3 26 150 Miscellaneous Inorganics Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample Water Water Water Water Date prepared 15 Aug. 2014 22 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 26 May 2014 Date analysed 15 Aug. 2014 22 Jul. 2014 29 May 2014 26 May 2014 pH pH Units 7 7.8 9.7 6.3 BOD 15,00 630 26,000 9,800 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 600 7,200 6,900 11,000 (by calc) mg COD mg O2/L 19,000 18,000 50,000 24,000 Total Organic Carbon mg/L 5,900 6,500 17,000 6,600 Cations in water - Total Our Reference: 114714-1 113424-1 110678-1 110463-1 Your Reference 2014 Aug. 14 2014 Jul. 16 2014 May 28 2014 May 23 Type of sample 18 Aug. 2014 Water Water Water Date digested 18 Aug. 2014 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Date analysed 18 Aug. 2015 23 Jul. 2014 30 May 2014 27 May 2014 Sodium - Total mg/L 2,300 5,200 5,500 2,100 Potassium - Total mg/L 190 54 16 150 Calcium - Total mg/L 16 <0.5 680 3.8 Magnesium - Total mg/L 3.4 1.6 270 2.5

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE 37 Feedstock Comparison Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis Moisture Ash Volatiles Fixed C. GCV Carbon Hydrogen Run # Description (% wt ar) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (MJ/kg db) (% wt db) (% wt db) radiata pine 9 0.50 79.30 20.20 21.30 52.50 6.10 150 um 1 SPF wood 43.8 0.6 79.5 19.9 18.6 52.1 6.3 Hog Fuel 60.0 2.2 74.4 23.5 22.8 52.9 6.0 2, 3 Black Liquor 53.9 47.07 37.53 1.67 Sludge, 6.4 9.7 80.4 10.0 13.82 42.8 5.7 as received Ultimate Analysis Nitrogen Sulphur Oxygen Chlorine Molar Run # Description (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (%) H/C Ratio radiata pine <0.01 0.02 40.88 n/a 1.38 150 um 1 SPF wood 0.21 40.8 1.45 Hog Fuel 0.25 38.7 1.36 2, 3 Black Liquor <0.01 4.77 3.23 0.21 0.53 Sludge, 0.23 41.57 1.60 as received

TABLE 38 Additional information on Radiata pine wood Biochemical Composition Cellulose Hemicell. Lignin Extractives (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) 47.03 10.39 35.96 6.47

TABLE 39 Feedstock Comparison Ash Constituents SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O MgO Na2O CaO Run # Description (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) radiata pine 150 um 16.10 3.10 1.60 0.14 13.30 9.80 1.60 25.70 1 SPF wood 2.3 1.1 0.69 0.04 16.3 7.9 0.42 33.9 Hog Fuel 1.1 0.62 0.28 0.02 7.6 3.2 0.30 46.7 Sludge, as received 9.8 1.1 1.2 0.08 0.30 11.8 2.8 40.4 4 Pyrolysed sludge Ash Constituents SO3 P2O5 Mn3O4 SrO BaO ZnO V2O5 Run # Description (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) (% wt db) radiata pine 150 um 13.10 6.60 1.40 0.11 0.07 0.20 <0.01 1 SPF wood 1.2 2.2 2.3 0.12 0.30 0.28 0.00 Hog Fuel 1.0 2.5 1.5 0.24 0.60 0.42 0.00 Sludge, as received 2.4 0.41 0.38 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.00 4 Pyrolysed sludge mg/kg as received basis Na K Fe Ca Mg V Si P S 3 Black Liquor 61900 5310 8 35 35 <1 100 15 22400 mg/kg as received basis Ni Mn Cr Cu Se Zn Ba As Al 3 Black Liquor <1 26 1 <1 <1 2 1 <1 8

TABLE 40 Biocrude Comparison GCV dry GCV daf Wt %, dry basis basis Wt %, dry ash free basis basis Description Ash C H N S O MJ/kg C H N S O MJ/kg Hog fuel + catalyst 6.2 76.7 7.2 0.3 0.1 9.5 33.9 81.8 7.7 0.3 0.1 10.2 36.1 Hog fuel + Black liquor 2.8 70.6 7.3 0.3 0.7 18.3 32.6 72.6 7.5 0.3 0.7 18.9 33.5 Mixed feed + Black liquor 1 2.4 73.3 7.2 0.4 0.7 16.1 33.0 75.1 7.4 0.4 0.7 16.5 33.8 Mixed feed + Black liquor 2 2.0 74.5 7.3 0.3 0.7 15.3 33.0 76.0 7.4 0.3 0.7 15.6 33.7 Radiata pine biocrude - typical 0.8 78.3 7.0 0.1 0.02 13.8 34.0 78.9 7.1 0.1 0.02 13.9 34.3 Radiata Pine + Black liquor biocrude 0.4 79.0 7.3 0.2 0.7 13.0 34.3 79.3 7.3 0.2 0.7 12.5 34.4

TABLE 41 Biocrude Comparison - Ash % oxide in ash Run # Sample Description SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 TiO2 K2O MgO Na2O CaO SO3 P2O5 1 SPF wood biocrude — — — — — — — — — — 2 Black liquor biocrude #1 3.6 4.4 5.6 0.08 1.4 1.7 13.1 3.2 19.1 0.60 3 Black liquor biocrude #2 5.4 3.9 2.5 0.07 3.7 2.0 27.9 3.7 38.0 0.51 4 Paper sludge oily product 10.4 0.82 1.8 0.14 0.06 8.6 3.0 73.5 0.48 0.34 5 Hog fuel + catalyst 0.8 1.7 1.4 0.05 0.34 3.7 7.2 46.6 1.1 2.459 6 Hog fuel + Black liquor 3 3.7 9.9 0.13 0.44 3.7 3.6 36.2 24.3 3.55 7 Mixed feed + Black liquor 1 8 Mixed feed + Black liquor 2 Radiata pine biocrude 36.10 13.10 11.60 0.80 1.30 3.60 7.90 11.70 1.60 1.70 % oxide in ash Run # Sample Description BaO SrO CuO MnO Cr2O3 ZnO V2O5 Co3O4 NiO 1 SPF wood biocrude — — — — — — — — — 2 Black liquor biocrude #1 0.04 <0.01 0.36 0.24 0.16 0.20 0.52 0.00 0.04 3 Black liquor biocrude #2 0.04 0.00 0.32 0.32 0.07 0.16 0.09 0.00 0.05 4 Paper sludge oily product 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.38 0.03 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 5 Hog fuel + catalyst 1.17 0.17 0.4 0.31 0.11 0.02 0 0.02 0 6 Hog fuel + Black liquor 1.39 0.17 0.5 0.56 0.17 0.02 0 0.02 0 7 Mixed feed + Black liquor 1 8 Mixed feed + Black liquor 2 Radiata pine biocrude 0.21 0.05 0.42 0.18 0.07

Example 2 Processing of Feedstocks into Bio-Oil Products using Black Liquor Additive Materials and Methods Feedstock

Properties of the feedstock and the ash composition of the feedstock are shown in Table 41 and Table 42, respectively.

TABLE 41 Proximate and ultimate analysis of feedstock Black Tall Oil Feedstock Hog fuel Lignin Liquor Soap Moisture % ar 8.1 41 80.2 37.2 Ash Yield % db at 13.5 3.8 67.5 15 550° C. Volatile Matter % 68.9 69.3 53.9 90.8 db Fixed carbon % db 17.6 26.9 <0.1 <0.1 Carbon % db 46.5 65.2 10.3 47.9 Hydrogen % db 5.5 5.7 7.6 9.7 Nitrogen % db 0.32 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 Sulphur % db 0.03 2.3 0.7 0.2 Chlorine % db 0.03 0.03 0.06 <0.01 Oxygen (by 34.2 22.9 14.6 27.4 difference) % db Calorific Value MJ/kg Gross Dry 18.6 26.5 Gross Wet 17.1 15.7 Net Wet 15.8 14 Notes to table: ar—as received, db—dry basis

TABLE 42 Ash composition of the feedstock Feedstock Hog fuel Lignin Black Liquor Tall Oil Soap % ash analysis SiO₂ 72.5 0.5 1 0.6 Al₂O₃ 6.7 0.9 0.1 <0.1 Fe₂O₃ 5.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 TiO₂ 0.38 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 K₂O 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.2 MgO 1.3 0.3 <0.1 0.1 Na₂O 1.3 42.8 44.2 49.3 CaO 8.4 0.5 0.1 1.7 SO₃ 0.1 50.3 2 1.6 P₂O₅ 0.61 0.01 0.02 0.4 NiO 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 BaO 0.17 0.01 <0.01 0.01 SrO 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 CuO 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 MnO 0.26 0.12 0.01 0.14 Cr₂O₃ 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ZnO 0.06 0.06 <0.01 0.05 V₂O₅ 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Co₃O₄ 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 LOI @ 550 to 35.7 12 650° C. Total 100.3 99.3

The hog fuel feedstock was ground using modified compressed air jet mills to a particle size of less than about 150 microns to suit the pump valve orifices of the pilot plant pump. The pilot plant pump requires a greater degree of comminution of the feedstock than would a commercial facility. Black liquor samples were homogenized as necessary before use to remove agglomerates that could potentially cause pumping difficulties in use. The feedstock analysis in Table 41 for the hog fuel is after grinding. The grinding process reduces the moisture content of the hog fuel.

Run Conditions

Feedstock conversion according to the invention was carried out using a continuous flow process in a pilot plant reactor. The reactor is schematically represented in FIG. 2. Catalyst injection additional to the catalysts in the black liquor was not used in example runs 9-14.

The conditions for the runs in the pilot plant are summarized in Table 43.

TABLE 43 Feedstock and run conditions Feed in Slurry tank Black Tall oil Residence Hog Fuel Lignin Liquor soap Methanol Pressure Temperature time Run No. % db % db % db % db % Bar ° C. Minutes 9 5.2 5.2 240 347 25 10 5.2 5.2 240 360 25 11 7.4 2.9 0.7 0.2 240 370 25 12 8.1 3.2 0.8 0.2 240 355 25 13 6.6 2.6 0.6 0.2 240 320 25 14 6.4 2.5 0.6 0.2 240 360 25

Results

After depressurization and cooling of products to ambient temperature the products were separated into the following phases: gas and vapour phase; biocrude oil phase, aqueous phase.

Due to the high ash content of the hog fuel feedstock, the biocrude oil was further separated for the purpose of analysis into acetone-soluble and acetone-insoluble components. Table 44 shows the properties of the biocrude oil phase. Table 45 shows the properties of the gas/vapour phase.

TABLE 44 properties of the biocrude oil phase GCV mass % db Run no. Fraction Fraction (MJ/kg) C H N S O ash 9 Acetone soluble 0.82 32.157 73.9 7 0.18 0.0835 16.5 2.4 9 Acet. Insoluble 0.18 17.266 21.4 2.1 0.11 0.0193 4.7 71.7 10 Acetone soluble 0.83 32.677 10 Acet. Insoluble 0.17 8.833 11 Acetone soluble 0.78 34.198 75.6 7.8 0.29 0.0564 15.6 0.7 11 Acet. Insoluble 0.22 9.430 33.2 2.5 0.07 0.0518 11.3 52.9 12 Acetone soluble 12 Acet. Insoluble 13 Acetone soluble 0.80 33.437 13 Acet. Insoluble 0.20 9.915 14 Acetone soluble 14 Acet. Insoluble Note: % Oxygen by difference

TABLE 45 gas and vapour composition, volume %, corrected for dilution by nitrogen and oxygen Carbon Carbon Hydrogen Carbonyl Methyl Run No Hydrogen Dioxide Monoxide Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Sulfide Sulfide Mercaptan 9 27.37 43.80 7.30 1.42 0.69 0.51 0.25 0.76 0.047 11.132 10 31.21 45.99 8.21 1.74 0.76 0.46 0.26 0.47 0.021 5.650 11 8.73 84.91 3.54 0.64 0.41 0.32 0.17 0.15 0.005 0.671 12 4.92 90.28 2.13 0.38 0.28 0.26 0.15 0.19 0.881 13 2.52 94.61 0.88 0.12 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.19 1.143 14 Ethyl Dimethyl n-Propyl Ethylmethyl Dimethyl Carbon Dimethyl Run No Mercaptan Sulfide mercaptan sulfide Disulphide Disulphide Trisulphide Thiophene 9 0.128 5.511 0.034 0.029 0.818 0.142 0.019 0.037 10 0.090 3.942 0.039 0.043 1.022 0.049 0.019 0.037 11 0.054 0.145 0.007 0.009 0.239 0.010 0.000 0.000 12 0.052 0.149 0.009 0.307 0.010 0.000 0.000 13 0.022 0.060 0.108 0.007 0.000 0.000 14

Product Distribution—Gas Yields

TABLE 46 Gas yields from run examples as percentage of total dry mass of feed Gas Yield mass % of Run # total dry feed* 9 8.5% 10 10.9% 11 13.0% 12 9.7% 13 7.8% 14 8.7% Note: *Gas density of 1.5 kg/m³ assumed for mass fraction calculations 

1. A method for producing a bio-product from organic matter feedstock, the method comprising: providing a reaction mixture comprising the organic matter feedstock, a solvent, and green pulping liquor (green liquor), wherein the green liquor was generated independently of the organic matter feedstock; treating the reaction mixture in a reactor vessel at a reaction temperature and pressure to thereby convert all or a portion of the organic matter feedstock into a product mixture comprising the bio-product; and depressurising and cooling the product mixture; wherein the reaction mixture and product mixture move in continuous flow through the reactor vessel during said treating.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic matter feedstock comprises or consists of: (i) lignite feedstock; (ii) lignocellulosic feedstock; or (iii) a mixture of lignocellulosic and lignite feedstock.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic matter feedstock comprises or consists of lignocellulosic feedstock.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulping liquor further comprises black pulping liquor (black liquor).
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the black liquor comprises: (i) between about 4 wt % and 10 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 10 wt % and 30 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 25 wt % and about 50 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 5 wt % and about 15 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 8 wt % and about 20 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), between about 10 wt % and about 25 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and between about 10 wt % and about 90 wt % organic solids or between about 30% and about 70% organic solids; or (ii) between about 15 wt % and 25 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 25 wt % and about 45 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 5 wt % and about 15 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 10 wt % and about 15 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), between about 13 wt % and about 20 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and between about 40 wt % and about 90 wt % organic solids or between about 50% and about 80% organic solids, or between about 60% and about 75% organic solids.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the green liquor comprises: (i) between about 4 wt % and 12 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 15 wt % and 25 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 50 wt % and about 70 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1 wt % and about 7 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 10 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃); or (ii) between about 5 wt % and 10 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 17 wt % and 23 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 55 wt % and about 65 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1 wt % and about 4 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 3 wt % and about 9 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulping liquor further comprises white pulping liquor (white liquor).
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the white liquor comprises: (i) between about 40 wt % and 65 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 10 wt % and 30 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 8 wt % and about 22 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 1 wt % and about 6 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 10 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), or (ii) between about 45 wt % and 60 wt % sodium hydroxide (NaOH), between about 15 wt % and 25 wt % sodium sulfide (Na₂S), between about 10 wt % and about 20 wt % sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 5 wt % sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃), between about 2 wt % and about 7 wt % sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), and between about 1.5 wt % and about 4 wt % sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃).
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the treating comprises treating the reaction mixture at a temperature of between 200° C. and 450° C., and a pressure of between 100 bar and 300 bar.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises preparing a slurry comprising the organic matter and the green liquor, generating subcritical or supercritical steam independently of the slurry, and contacting the slurry with the subcritical or supercritical steam in at least one vessel or chamber of said reactor vessel.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture comprises between 30% and 90%, between 5% and 20%, or less than 5%, of the pulping liquor by weight.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent is an aqueous solvent, an oil solvent, or a mixture of an aqueous solvent and an oil solvent, and the reaction mixture comprises less than 30% or between 30% and 95%, of the solvent by weight.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueous solvent comprises: water, water only, or water and an alcohol.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic matter comprises a combination of lignocellulosic feedstock and lignite feedstock.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the organic matter comprises lignocellulosic feedstock that comprises at least 10% lignin, at least 35% cellulose, and at least 20% hemicellulose.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises a solid substrate that is solid or substantially solid at the reaction temperature and pressure, sequesters organic and/or inorganic matter that de-solubilises within the reaction mixture or the product mixture, and/or alters one or more flow characteristics of the reaction mixture and/or the product mixture in the reactor vessel, wherein the solid substrate is chemically inert or substantially chemically inert at the reaction temperature and pressure, and wherein the solid substrate inhibits development of a pressure gradient in the reactor vessel during the conversion of the organic matter feedstock into the bio-product.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the solid substrate is present in the reaction mixture at a concentration of more than 10% by weight.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction mixture further comprises an oil additive, the oil additive being selected from the group consisting of paraffmic oil, gas-oil, crude oil, synthetic oil, coal-oil, bio-oil, shale oil, kerogen oil, mineral oil, white mineral oil, aromatic oil, tall oil, distilled tall oil, plant or animal oils, fats and their acidic forms and esterified forms, and combinations thereof, wherein the oil additive is mixed with the feedstock and/or solvent prior to the treating.
 19. The method of claim 1, comprising dissolving bio-oil from the bio-product in a purifying solvent and filtering the dissolved bio-oil to remove particulates and solid material.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the treating comprises treating the reaction mixture at a temperature of between 300° C. and 400° C., and a pressure of between 180 bar and 350 bar. 